Speculation and Deduction: sözlemler, maşklar, synaglar we mysallar

Speculation and Deduction ulanyarys

Çaklama we logiki netije çykarmak biz haçan-da çaklaýarys we bilýän, görýän ýa-da eşidýän zatlarymyzyň esasynda logiki netijeler çykarýarys, şonda ulanylýar. Modal işlikler bilen, biz bir zada diýen ýaly ynamlydygymyzy, bir zadyň mümkindigini, bir zadyň mümkin däldigini, ýa-da bir zada garaşýandygymyzy aýdyp bileris.

She looks exhausted. She must be working too hard.
Ol örän ýadaw görünýär. Ol gaty köp işleýän bolmaly.
He may have missed the train.
Ol otlyny sypdyran bolmagy mümkin.
They can’t be at home. All the lights are off.
Olar öýde bolup bilmezler. Ähli çyralar öçük.
The parcel should arrive tomorrow.
Bukja ertir gelip ýetmeli.

Speculation and Deduction Forma

Bu mowzukda biz köplenç dürli modal işlikleri ulanýarys, bu bolsa ynandyryjylygyň derejesine we gürrüňimiziň häzirki zaman, dowam edýän proses ýa-da geçen zaman hakyndadygyna bagly bolýar. Tamamlanan geçen zaman hereketi üçin biz adatça have + V3 ulanýarys, häzir töwereginde bolup geçýän proses üçin bolsa be + Ving ulanýarys.

must + V1 / be + Ving
may / might / could + V1 / be + Ving
can’t + V1 / be + Ving
must / may / might / could / can’t / couldn’t + have + V3
should / ought to + V1
should / ought to + have + V3

She must know the answer.
Ol jogaby bilmeli.
They might be waiting outside.
Olar daşarda garaşýan bolup bilerler.
He can’t have forgotten your birthday.
Ol seniň doglan günüňi ýatdan çykaryp bilmez.
The meeting should start soon.
Duşuşyk tiz wagtdan başlamaly.

Speculation and Deduction Düzgünlik

  • Must güýçli netije çykarmak üçin ulanylýar: bir zadyň dogrudygyna diýen ýaly ynanýarys. Bu 100% hakykat däl, ýöne örän ynamly netijedir.
    She has been studying all day. She must be tired.
    Ol bütin günläp okaýar. Ol ýadaw bolmaly.
    Kate doesn’t have her car today. She must have rented one.
    Keýtiň şu gün öz ulagı ýok. Ol bir ulag kärendesine alan bolmaly.
  • May, might we could haçan-da bir zat mümkin bolanda, ýöne biz anyk ynamly däldigimizde ulanylýar. Adatça, may bilen might many taýdan örän ýakyndyr, we could hem köplenç mümkinçiligi aňladýar.
    The noise may be coming from the neighbours.
    Ses goňşulardan gelip durýan bolup biler.
    He might have left already.
    Ol eýýäm gidip giden bolmagy mümkin.
  • Can’t we couldn’t, bir zadyň mümkin däldigini pikir edenimizde ýa-da güýçli ynamsyzlygy ýa-da geň galmagy görkezmek islänimizde ulanylýar.
    You can’t be serious!
    Sen çynlakaý bolmaly däl!
    Hannah couldn’t have said that. It doesn’t sound like her.
    Hanna muny aýdyp bilmändi. Bu onuň sözlerine meňzemeýär.
  • Eger biz häzir bir iş hökmünde bolup geçýän bir zat barada gürrüň etsek, modal işlikden soň köplenç be + Ving ulanýarys.
    Amanda might be doing the washing up.
    Amanda gap-gaç ýuwup duran bolmagy mümkin.
    He must be talking to the manager right now.
    Ol häzir menejer bilen gepleşýän bolmaly.
  • Eger netijä gelmek geçmişde tamamlanan herekete degişli bolsa, adatça have + V3 ulanýarys.
    ✅ She must have forgotten the keys.
    ✅ They might have taken a taxi.
    ✅ He can’t have seen the message.
  • Bu temada should we ought to köplenç bir garaşmany aňladýar: biz bir zadyň, ähtimal, dogrudygyny ýa-da bolmagyna garaşylan zatdygyny pikir edýäris.
    The train should be here by now.
    Otly häzirlikçe bärde bolmalydy.
    They should have told him about the change.
    Olar oňa üýtgeşiklik barada aýtmalydylar.
  • Gowşak otrisatel mümkinçiligi beýan etmek üçin, biz may not we might not ulanýarys. Couldn’t görnüşi adatça diňe gowşagrak mümkinçiligi däl-de, mümkin däldigini aňladýar.
    ✅ There might not be enough food for everyone.
    ❌ There couldn’t be enough food for everyone. (if you only mean “maybe not”)
  • Modal işliklerinden başga-da, çaklama başga sözler bilen hem beýan edilip bilner: ähtimal ...-magy, ähtimal däl ...-magy, hökmany ...-magy, belki we hökmany suratda.
    She is likely to forget about the meeting.
    Ol duşuşyk barada ýatdan çykarmagy ähtimal.
    That mistake was bound to happen sooner or later.
    Şol ýalňyşlyk ir-u-giç bolmaly zatdy.

Speculation and Deduction Inkär

Bu mowzukda inkär görnüşleri manysyna baglydyr. May not / might not = bir zadyň dogry däldigi mümkindir. Can’t / couldn’t = bu mümkin däl. Shouldn’t bir zadyň ähtimal dogry däldigi baradaky garaşyşy beýan edip biler.

may not / might not + V1
can’t + V1 / be + Ving
can’t / couldn’t + have + V3
shouldn’t + V1 / have + V3

He may not know the address.
Ol salgynyň salgysyny bilmezligi mümkin.
They can’t be waiting outside in this weather.
Olar beýle howada daşarda garaşyp bilmezler.
She couldn’t have taken your bag by mistake.
Ol seniň sumkaňy ýalňyşlyk bilen alan bolup bilmezdi.
The repair shouldn’t take much longer.
Bejergi beýle uzaga çekmeli däl.

Speculation and Deduction Soraglar

Çaklamalar baradaky soraglarda biz köplenç could, might, should we Do you think ...? ýaly gurluşlary ulanýarys. must bilen gönüden-göni soraglar mümkin, ýöne olar köplenç has duýguly ýa-da has bitarap däl ýaly eşidilýär.

Could / Might + subject + V1 / be + Ving?
Wh-word + might / could + subject + have + V3?
Should + subject + V1?
Do you think + subject + might / could + V1?

Could she be sleeping?
Ol uklap ýatyrmyka?
What might have happened here?
Bu ýerde näme bolup geçen bolmagy mümkin?
Should they be here by now?
Olar häzir bu ýerde bolmalymy?
Do you think he could have missed the email?
Ol e-poçtany sypdyran bolup bilermi?

Speculation and Deduction Adaty ýalňyşlyklar

❌ She must to be tired.
✅ She must be tired.
❌ He must has left.
✅ He must have left.
❌ They can’t have went home.
✅ They can’t have gone home.
❌ She mights be busy.
✅ She might be busy.
❌ He mustn’t have forgotten the meeting. (if you mean “that is impossible”)
✅ He can’t have forgotten the meeting.
❌ They should came by now.
✅ They should have come by now.

Speculation and Deduction Sözlemler

She isn’t answering. She might be having a meeting.
Ol jogap bermeýär. Belki, ol ýygnak geçirýändir.
Look at those wet umbrellas. It must have rained.
Şol çygly saýawanlara serediň. Ýagyş ýagan bolmaly.
This key can’t be the right one.
Bu açar dogry açar bolup bilmez.
They may have taken the earlier bus.
Olar öňki awtobusa münen bolmagy mümkin.
The children are quiet. They must be sleeping.
Çagalar ümsüm. Olar ýatýan bolmaly.
He could be working from home today.
Ol şu gün öýden işleýär bolmagy mümkin.
The guests should arrive around eight.
Myhmanlar takmynan sekizlerde gelmeli.
You can’t have seen Anna there. She is abroad.
Sen Annany ol ýerde görüp bilmersiň. Ol daşary ýurtda.
There might not be enough chairs for everyone.
Ählisi üçin ýeterlik oturgyç bolman biler.
Do you think he might know the answer?
Onuň jogaby bilmegi mümkin diýip pikir edýärsiňmi?

Speculation and Deduction Mysallar

The office is dark, so they must have left already.
Ofis garaňky, şonuň üçin olar eýýäm gidendirler.
Sarah might be waiting for us downstairs.
Sara aşakda bize garaşýan bolmagy mümkin.
That sound could be coming from the kitchen.
Şol ses aşhanadan gelýän bolup biler.
He can’t be the new intern. He looks much older.
Ol täze tejribeçi bolup bilmez. Ol has ýaşuly görünýär.
The flight should land in about twenty minutes.
Uçuş takmynan ýigrimi minutdan gonmaly.
She may not have understood what you meant.
Ol seniň näme diýmek isländigiňe düşünmedik hem bolup biler.
They could have forgotten to lock the door.
Olar gapyny gulplamagy unudan bolup bilerler.
It is unlikely to snow here in April.
Aprelde bu ýerde gar ýagmagy ähtimal däl.
This problem was bound to happen after the update.
Bu mesele täzelenmeden soň hökman bolmalydy.
Could he still be driving home?
Ol henizem öýüne tarap maşyn sürüp barýan bolup bilermikä?

Programmada elýeterli iňlis grammatikasy boýunça maşklar

Tenses

Future Simple Present Simple Present Perfect Present Continuous Past Simple Past Perfect Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous Present Perfect Continuous Future Continuous Future Perfect Future Perfect Continuous Be going to

Conditionals

Second Conditional First Conditional Third Conditional Zero Conditional

Sentences

Relative Clauses Conjunctions Reported Speech There is / There are There was / There were

Verbs

Used to To be used to To get used to

Modals

Should or Shouldn't May or Might and Infinitive Modal Verbs Can / Can't Speculation and Deduction

Nouns and Articles

Countable and Uncountable Singular and Plural Nouns Uncountable and Plural