Reported speech izmantojam
To izmanto, lai pārstāstītu cita cilvēka teikto, mainot izteiksmes formu, lai tas kļūtu par jūsu teksta daļu, nevis tiešu citātu.
Mēs pārveidojam tiešo runu netiešajā runā.
Reported speech Forma
Subject + reporting V, that subject + V (ar laika formas maiņu, ja nepieciešams)
“I am tired”, she said.
She said that she was tired.
Reported speech Noteikums
Angļu valodā netiešo runu neliek pēdiņās, atšķirībā no tiešās runas:George said, “I am ready to dance with you.”
George said (that) he was ready to dance with me.
Reported speech Laiku maiņas
|
Tiešā runa
(Direct speech) |
Netiešā runa
(Reported speech) |
|
Present Simple
I know |
Past Simple he said he knew |
| Present Continuous I am doing | Past Continuous he said he was doing |
| Present Perfect I have done | Past Perfect he said he had done |
| Past Simple I did | Past Perfect he said he had done |
| Past Continuous I was doing | Past Perfect Continuous he said he had been doing |
| Past Perfect I had done | Past Perfect I had done |
| Future (will) I will go | would he said he would go |
❗ Kad laiks nemainās
-
Vispārīgas patiesības, fakti, dabas likumi.
Ja kaut kas vienmēr ir patiess — laiks nemainās:The Earth moves around the Sun. He said that the Earth moves around the Sun. -
Ja darbība ir aktuāla runāšanas brīdī.
Ja apgalvojums joprojām ir patiess.I live in Paris. She said she lives in Paris. (jo viņa joprojām tur dzīvo) -
Ja pakārtotā teikuma darbība ir Past Continuous laikā, sarunvalodā darbības vārda laiks var nemainīties.
He said, “I was playing football when she called me.”.
Viņš teica: “Es spēlēju futbolu, kad viņa man piezvanīja.”. He said that he was playing football when she called him.
Viņš teica, ka spēlēja futbolu, kad viņa viņam piezvanīja. -
Ja ziņošanas darbības vārds ir tagadnē
Ar says, tells, has said laika maiņa nenotiek.I’m busy. She says she is busy
Reported speech Modālie darbības vārdi
-
Modālie darbības vārdi, kas mainās:
Tiešā runa
(Direct speech)Netiešā runa
(Reported speech)will would can could may might shall should must
(pienākums)had to must
(izsaka pavēli
vai vienošanos)was to He said, “I will help you.” He said (that) he would help me.She said, “I can finish it today.” She said (that) she could finish it that day.John said, “I may go to the party.” John said (that) he might go to the party.I asked, “Shall we begin?” I asked if we should begin.My mother said, “You must do your homework.” My mother said (that) I had to do my homework.The officer said, “You must be there by 6.” The officer said (that) I was to be there by 6. -
Modālie darbības vārdi, kas NEMAINĀS
(nav pagātnes formas):
could, should, would, might, ought to“I could help you,” he said. He said he could help me.“You should study more,” the teacher said. The teacher said I should study more.“I would love to join you,” she said. She said she would love to join us.“It might rain later,” John said. John said it might rain later.“You ought to be more careful,” she said. She said I ought to be more careful.
Reported speech Vietniekvārdi
Vietniekvārdi mainās atkarībā no tā, kas runā un kam vārdi ir adresēti.
“I like your car,” he said.
He said he liked my car.
Reported speech Laiks un vieta
|
Tiešā runa
(Direct speech) |
Netiešā runa
(Reported speech) |
| today | that day |
| yesterday | the day before |
| tomorrow | the next day |
| now | then |
| last week | |
| tonight | that night |
| two days ago | td>two days earlier|
| here | there |
| this | that |
| these | those |
“We have a meeting today,” he said.
He said they had a meeting that day.
I bought these shoes yesterday.
She said she had bought those shoes the day before.
I will come tomorrow.
He said he would come the next day.
I can’t talk now.
He said he couldn’t talk then.
I finished the course last week.
She said she had finished the course the previous week.
I’m going out tonight.
He said he was going out that night.
I moved here two days ago.
She said she had moved there two days earlier.
Come here.
She told him to come there.
This place is beautiful.
He said that place was beautiful.
I bought these shoes.
He said he had bought those shoes.
Reported speech Darbības vārdi
-
Darbības vārdi, kam seko that-clause
:
say, tell, add, explain, mention, reply, answer, admit, agree, deny, promise…I’m tired. She said that she was tired. -
Darbības vārdi, kam seko to-infinitive:
advise, ask, tell, order, persuade, remind, warn, invite, encourage…Don’t be late. He told me to not be late.
Reported speech Noliegums
-
Pievienojiet / saglabājiet not pirms darbības vārda
I don’t like it. She said she didn’t like it.
-
Ja modālajam darbības vārdam ir noliegums ar not, mēs mainām modālo darbības vārdu un pievienojam not.
I can’t help you. He said he couldn’t help me.
-
Ja not attiecas uz nozīmi, nevis gramatiku — mēs to atstājam.
Don’t worry. He told me not to worry.
Reported speech Jautājumi
-
Netiešajā runā vispārīgie (jā/nē) jautājumi pievienojas ar
if vai whether.
Jautājuma teikuma vārdu kārta kļūst par apgalvojuma vārdu kārtu.
-
If lieto parastās Yes/No jautājumos, kad vienkārši jānoskaidro “jā vai nē”.
Do you like it? He asked if I liked it.
-
Whether lieto, ja jautājumā ir alternatīva vai izvēle.
Do you want tea or coffee? He asked whether I wanted tea or coffee.
-
If lieto parastās Yes/No jautājumos, kad vienkārši jānoskaidro “jā vai nē”.
-
Jautājumi ar jautājuma vārdu (wh-questions)
Reporting verb + wh-word + tieša vārdu kārta (bez inversijas)
“Where do you live?” she asked. She asked where I lived.“What is he doing?” I asked. I asked what he was doing.“Why did you leave early?” he asked. He asked why I had left early.“How can we solve this?” they asked. They asked how they could solve it.“When will you call me?” she asked. She asked when I would call her. -
Vispārīgie jautājumi (Yes/No questions)
Sākas ar Do / Does / Did / Are / Is / Can / Will utt.
Reporting verb + if/whether + tieša vārdu kārta
“Do you like coffee?” she asked. She asked if I liked coffee.“Are they coming to the party?” he asked. He asked if they were coming to the party.“Did you see the movie?” I asked. I asked if she had seen the movie.“Will it rain tomorrow?” Tom asked. Tom asked if it would rain the next day.“Can you help me?” she asked. She asked if I could help her.“Is this your book?” he asked. He asked whether that was my book.
Reported speech Rozīmes izteiksme
Apgalvojuma teikums: reporting verb + object + to + verb
Open the door.
He told me to open the door.
Aizliegums: reporting verb + object + not to + verb
Don’t be late.
She told me not to be late.
Reported speech Tipiskas kļūdas
-
Saglabāt inversiju jautājumos
❌ He asked where was I going
✔️ He asked where I was going -
Lietot “said me”
❌ He said me that…
✔️ He told me that…
✔️ He said that…
say — без объекта, tell — с объектом -
Nemainīt laika formu
❌ He said he is happy.
✔️ He said he was happy. Если reporting verb в прошедшем — делаем сдвиг времени. -
Nemainīt vietniekvārdus
❌ She said I am tired.
✔️ She said she was tired. Местоимения всегда подстраиваются под новый контекст.
Reported speech Teikumi
“I am learning French,” she said.
She said she was learning French.
“He has finished his project,” they said.
They said he had finished his project.
“I shall return soon,” he said.
He said he should return soon.
“You must call her today,” Mom said.
Mom said I had to call her that day.
“What time does the train leave?” I asked.
I asked what time the train left.
“Why are you crying?” he asked.
He asked why I was crying.
“Can she swim?” I asked.
I asked if she could swim.
“Is your brother at home?” she asked.
She asked whether my brother was at home.
Leave your shoes outside.
He told me to leave my shoes outside.
Don’t touch that button.
She told me not to touch that button.
Reported speech Piemēri
“I was reading a book,” she said.
She said she had been reading a book.
“We have seen this movie,” they said.
They said they had seen that movie.
“He will help us tomorrow,” I said.
I said he would help us the next day.
“When did she arrive?” he asked.
He asked when she had arrived.
“Where are my keys?” she asked.
She asked where her keys were.
“Does he like pizza?” I asked.
I asked if he liked pizza.
“Will they join us?” she asked.
She asked if they would join us.
“You ought to apologize,” he said.
He said I ought to apologize.
Be quiet, please.
She told me to be quiet.
Don’t forget your umbrella.
He reminded me not to forget my umbrella.
