Reported Speech қоида, мисолҳо, машқҳо ва тестҳо

Reported speech истифода мебарем

Барои бозгӯии суханони дигарон, бо тағйир додани шакл, то онҳо қисми матни шумо гарданд ва иқтибоси мустақим набошанд, истифода мешавад.
Мо нутқи мустақимро ба нутқи ғайримустақим табдил медиҳем.

Reported speech Шакл

Subject + reporting V, that subject + V (дар ҳолати зарурат бо тағйири замон)

“I am tired”, she said. She said that she was tired.

Reported speech Қоида

Дар англисӣ нутқи ғайримустақим дар нохунакҳо ҷой дода намешавад, бар хилофи нутқи мустақим:

George said, “I am ready to dance with you.”

George said (that) he was ready to dance with me.

Reported speech Тағйироти замонҳо

Нутқи мустақим (Direct speech)	Нутқи ғайримустақим (Reported speech)
Present Simple I know	Past Simple he said he knew
Present Continuous I am doing	Past Continuous he said he was doing
Present Perfect I have done	Past Perfect he said he had done
Past Simple I did	Past Perfect he said he had done
Past Continuous I was doing	Past Perfect Continuous he said he had been doing
Past Perfect I had done	Past Perfect I had done
Future (will) I will go	would he said he would go

❗ Вақте ки замон тағйир намеёбад

Ҳақиқатҳои умумӣ, воқеаҳо, қонунҳои табиат.
Агар чизе ҳамеша дуруст бошад — замон тағйир намеёбад:
The Earth moves around the Sun. He said that the Earth moves around the Sun.
Вақте ки амал ҳангоми суханронӣ ҳанӯз ҳам муҳим аст.
Агар изҳорот ҳоло ҳам дуруст бошад.
I live in Paris. She said she lives in Paris. (чунки ӯ то ҳол дар он ҷо зиндагӣ мекунад)
Агар ҷумлаи тобеъ дар Past Continuous бошад, дар гуфтори ҳаррӯза замони феъл метавонад тағйир наёбад.
He said, “I was playing football when she called me.”.
Ӯ гуфт: «Ман футбол бозӣ мекардам, вақте ки ӯ ба ман занг зад». He said that he was playing football when she called him.
Вай гуфт, ки вақте ӯ ба ӯ занг зад, ӯ футбол бозӣ мекард.
Агар феъл дарPresent бошад
Ҳангоми says, tells, has said замон тағйир намеёбад.
I’m busy. She says she is busy

Reported speech Феълҳои модалӣ

Феълҳои модалӣ, ки тағйир меёбанд:

Нутқи мустақим (Direct speech)	Нутқи ғайримустақим (Reported speech)
will	would
can	could
may	might
shall	should
must (ўҳдадорӣ)	had to
must (ифодаи фармон ё созиш)	was to

He said, “I will help you.” He said (that) he would help me.

She said, “I can finish it today.” She said (that) she could finish it that day.

John said, “I may go to the party.” John said (that) he might go to the party.

I asked, “Shall we begin?” I asked if we should begin.

My mother said, “You must do your homework.” My mother said (that) I had to do my homework.

The officer said, “You must be there by 6.” The officer said (that) I was to be there by 6.

Феълҳои модалӣ, ки ТАҒЙИР НАМЕЁБАНД
(шакли гузашта надоранд):
could, should, would, might, ought to
“I could help you,” he said. He said he could help me.

“You should study more,” the teacher said. The teacher said I should study more.

“I would love to join you,” she said. She said she would love to join us.

“It might rain later,” John said. John said it might rain later.

“You ought to be more careful,” she said. She said I ought to be more careful.

Reported speech Зомирҳо

Зомирҳо вобаста ба он ки кӣ сухан мегӯяд ва сухан ба кӣ равона шудааст, тағйир меёбанд.

“I like your car,” he said. He said he liked my car.

Reported speech Вақт ва макон

the previous weektd>two days earlier

Нутқи мустақим (Direct speech)	Нутқи ғайримустақим (Reported speech)
today	that day
yesterday	the day before
tomorrow	the next day
now	then
last week
tonight	that night
two days ago
here	there
this	that
these	those

“We have a meeting today,” he said. He said they had a meeting that day.

I bought these shoes yesterday. She said she had bought those shoes the day before.

I will come tomorrow. He said he would come the next day.

I can’t talk now. He said he couldn’t talk then.

I finished the course last week. She said she had finished the course the previous week.

I’m going out tonight. He said he was going out that night.

I moved here two days ago. She said she had moved there two days earlier.

Come here. She told him to come there.

This place is beautiful. He said that place was beautiful.

I bought these shoes. He said he had bought those shoes.

Reported speech Феълҳо

Феълҳое, ки пас аз онҳо that-clause меояд :
say, tell, add, explain, mention, reply, answer, admit, agree, deny, promise…
I’m tired. She said that she was tired.
Феълҳое, ки пас аз онҳо to-infinitive меояд:
advise, ask, tell, order, persuade, remind, warn, invite, encourage…
Don’t be late. He told me to not be late.

Reported speech Инкор

Илова кунед / нигоҳ доред not пеш аз феъл
I don’t like it. She said she didn’t like it.
Агар феъл-и модалӣ бо not инкор дошта бошад, феъл-и модалиро иваз карда not илова мекунем.
I can’t help you. He said he couldn’t help me.
Агар not ба маъно дахл дошта бошад, на ба грамматика — онро мемонем.
Don’t worry. He told me not to worry.

Reported speech Саволҳо

Дар нутқи ғайримустақим саволҳои умумӣ (ҳа/не) бо if ё whether ифода мешаванд. Тартиби калимаҳо аз тартиби савол ба тартиби ҷумлаи хабарӣ табдил меёбад.
- If дар саволҳои оддии Yes/No истифода мешавад, вақте ки танҳо мехоҳем фаҳмем «ҳа ё не».
  Do you like it? He asked if I liked it.
- Whether истифода мешавад, вақте ки дар савол альтернатива ё интихоб вуҷуд дорад.
  Do you want tea or coffee? He asked whether I wanted tea or coffee.
Саволҳо бо калимаи пурсишӣ (wh-questions)
Reporting verb + wh-word + тартиби мустақими калимаҳо (бе инверсия)

“Where do you live?” she asked. She asked where I lived.

“What is he doing?” I asked. I asked what he was doing.

“Why did you leave early?” he asked. He asked why I had left early.

“How can we solve this?” they asked. They asked how they could solve it.

“When will you call me?” she asked. She asked when I would call her.
Саволҳои умумӣ (Yes/No questions) Аз Do / Does / Did / Are / Is / Can / Will ва ғайра оғоз мешаванд.
Reporting verb + if/whether + тартиби мустақими калимаҳо

“Do you like coffee?” she asked. She asked if I liked coffee.

“Are they coming to the party?” he asked. He asked if they were coming to the party.

“Did you see the movie?” I asked. I asked if she had seen the movie.

“Will it rain tomorrow?” Tom asked. Tom asked if it would rain the next day.

“Can you help me?” she asked. She asked if I could help her.

“Is this your book?” he asked. He asked whether that was my book.

Reported speech Ҳолати амр

Ҷумлаи изҳорӣ: reporting verb + object + to + verb

Open the door. He told me to open the door.

Манъ: reporting verb + object + not to + verb

Don’t be late. She told me not to be late.

Reported speech Хатоҳои хос

Ҳифз кардани инверсия дар саволҳо
❌ He asked where was I going
✔️ He asked where I was going
Истифода кардани “said me”
❌ He said me that…
✔️ He told me that…
✔️ He said that…
say — без объекта, tell — с объектом
Вақтро тағйир надиҳед
❌ He said he is happy.
✔️ He said he was happy. Если reporting verb в прошедшем — делаем сдвиг времени.
Зamirҳоро тағйир надиҳед
❌ She said I am tired.
✔️ She said she was tired. Местоимения всегда подстраиваются под новый контекст.

Reported speech Ҷумлаҳо

“I am learning French,” she said. She said she was learning French.

“He has finished his project,” they said. They said he had finished his project.

“I shall return soon,” he said. He said he should return soon.

“You must call her today,” Mom said. Mom said I had to call her that day.

“What time does the train leave?” I asked. I asked what time the train left.

“Why are you crying?” he asked. He asked why I was crying.

“Can she swim?” I asked. I asked if she could swim.

“Is your brother at home?” she asked. She asked whether my brother was at home.

Leave your shoes outside. He told me to leave my shoes outside.

Don’t touch that button. She told me not to touch that button.

Reported speech Намунаҳо

“I was reading a book,” she said. She said she had been reading a book.

“We have seen this movie,” they said. They said they had seen that movie.

“He will help us tomorrow,” I said. I said he would help us the next day.

“When did she arrive?” he asked. He asked when she had arrived.

“Where are my keys?” she asked. She asked where her keys were.

“Does he like pizza?” I asked. I asked if he liked pizza.

“Will they join us?” she asked. She asked if they would join us.

“You ought to apologize,” he said. He said I ought to apologize.

Be quiet, please. She told me to be quiet.

Don’t forget your umbrella. He reminded me not to forget my umbrella.

Reported Speech: ҷумлаҳо, машқҳо, тестҳо ва мисолҳо