Reported speech เราใช้
ใช้สำหรับถ่ายทอดคำพูดของผู้อื่นโดยปรับรูปแบบคำพูดให้กลายเป็นส่วนหนึ่งของข้อความของคุณ ไม่ใช่การอ้างอิงโดยตรง
เราแปลง direct speech ให้เป็น reported speech
Reported speech รูปแบบ
Subject + reporting V, that subject + V (เมื่อจำเป็นสามารถเปลี่ยนกาลได้)
“I am tired”, she said.
She said that she was tired.
Reported speech กฎ
ในภาษาอังกฤษ คำพูด間接ไม่ได้ใส่เครื่องหมายอัญประกาศ แตกต่างจากคำพูดโดยตรง:George said, “I am ready to dance with you.”
George said (that) he was ready to dance with me.
Reported speech การเปลี่ยนแปลงของกาล
|
คำพูดโดยตรง
(Direct speech) |
คำพูด間接
(Reported speech) |
|
Present Simple
I know |
Past Simple he said he knew |
| Present Continuous I am doing | Past Continuous he said he was doing |
| Present Perfect I have done | Past Perfect he said he had done |
| Past Simple I did | Past Perfect he said he had done |
| Past Continuous I was doing | Past Perfect Continuous he said he had been doing |
| Past Perfect I had done | Past Perfect I had done |
| Future (will) I will go | would he said he would go |
❗ เมื่อกาลไม่เปลี่ยน
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ความจริงทั่วไป ข้อเท็จจริง กฎของธรรมชาติ
ถ้าสิ่งใดเป็นความจริงเสมอ — กาลไม่เปลี่ยน:The Earth moves around the Sun. He said that the Earth moves around the Sun. -
เมื่อการกระทำยังคงเกี่ยวข้องในขณะพูด.
ถ้าข้อความนั้นยังเป็นความจริงอยู่ตอนนี้.I live in Paris. She said she lives in Paris. (เพราะเธอยังคงอาศัยอยู่ที่นั่น) -
หากอนุประโยคอยู่ใน Past Continuous ในภาษาพูดกาลของกริยาอาจไม่เปลี่ยน
He said, “I was playing football when she called me.”.
เขาพูดว่า “ตอนที่เธอโทรหาฉัน ฉันกำลังเล่นฟุตบอลอยู่”. He said that he was playing football when she called him.
เขาบอกว่าเขากำลังเล่นฟุตบอลอยู่ตอนที่เธอโทรหาเขา -
ถ้ากริยารายงานอยู่ในปัจจุบัน
เมื่อใช้ says, tells, has said จะไม่มีการเปลี่ยนกาลI’m busy. She says she is busy
Reported speech กริยาช่วยบอกความสามารถ/ความจำเป็น
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กริยาช่วยที่มีการเปลี่ยนรูป:
คำพูดโดยตรง
(Direct speech)คำพูด間接
(Reported speech)will would can could may might shall should must
(หน้าที่)had to must
(แสดงคำสั่ง
หรือข้อตกลง)was to He said, “I will help you.” He said (that) he would help me.She said, “I can finish it today.” She said (that) she could finish it that day.John said, “I may go to the party.” John said (that) he might go to the party.I asked, “Shall we begin?” I asked if we should begin.My mother said, “You must do your homework.” My mother said (that) I had to do my homework.The officer said, “You must be there by 6.” The officer said (that) I was to be there by 6. -
กริยาช่วยที่ไม่เปลี่ยนรูป
(ไม่มีรูปอดีตกาล):
could, should, would, might, ought to“I could help you,” he said. He said he could help me.“You should study more,” the teacher said. The teacher said I should study more.“I would love to join you,” she said. She said she would love to join us.“It might rain later,” John said. John said it might rain later.“You ought to be more careful,” she said. She said I ought to be more careful.
Reported speech คำสรรพนาม
คำสรรพนามจะเปลี่ยนไปตามผู้พูดและผู้ที่ถ้อยคำถูกส่งถึง
“I like your car,” he said.
He said he liked my car.
Reported speech เวลาและสถานที่
|
คำพูดโดยตรง
(Direct speech) |
คำพูด間接
(Reported speech) |
| today | that day |
| yesterday | the day before |
| tomorrow | the next day |
| now | then |
| last week | |
| tonight | that night |
| two days ago | td>two days earlier|
| here | there |
| this | that |
| these | those |
“We have a meeting today,” he said.
He said they had a meeting that day.
I bought these shoes yesterday.
She said she had bought those shoes the day before.
I will come tomorrow.
He said he would come the next day.
I can’t talk now.
He said he couldn’t talk then.
I finished the course last week.
She said she had finished the course the previous week.
I’m going out tonight.
He said he was going out that night.
I moved here two days ago.
She said she had moved there two days earlier.
Come here.
She told him to come there.
This place is beautiful.
He said that place was beautiful.
I bought these shoes.
He said he had bought those shoes.
Reported speech คำกริยา
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กริยาที่ตามด้วย that-clause
:
say, tell, add, explain, mention, reply, answer, admit, agree, deny, promise…I’m tired. She said that she was tired. -
กริยาที่ตามด้วย to-infinitive:
advise, ask, tell, order, persuade, remind, warn, invite, encourage…Don’t be late. He told me to not be late.
Reported speech การปฏิเสธ
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เพิ่ม / คงไว้ซึ่ง not ไว้หน้ากริยาหลัก
I don’t like it. She said she didn’t like it.
-
หากกริยาช่วยมีรูปปฏิเสธด้วย not ให้เปลี่ยนกริยาช่วยและเติม not
I can’t help you. He said he couldn’t help me.
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ถ้า not สื่อความหมาย ไม่ใช่ตามหลักไวยากรณ์ — เราจะคงไว้ตามเดิม
Don’t worry. He told me not to worry.
Reported speech คำถาม
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ในคำพูดถ่ายทอด คำถามทั่วไป (ใช่/ไม่ใช่)
จะเชื่อมด้วย if หรือ whether
และลำดับคำของประโยคคำถามจะเปลี่ยนเป็นแบบประโยคบอกเล่า
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ในคำถาม Yes/No ทั่วไปที่ต้องการแค่รู้ว่า “ใช่หรือไม่” จะใช้ if
Do you like it? He asked if I liked it.
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เมื่อคำถามมีตัวเลือกหรือทางเลือก จะใช้ whether
Do you want tea or coffee? He asked whether I wanted tea or coffee.
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ในคำถาม Yes/No ทั่วไปที่ต้องการแค่รู้ว่า “ใช่หรือไม่” จะใช้ if
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คำถามที่มีคำถามนำ (wh-questions)
Reporting verb + wh-word + ลำดับคำแบบปกติ (ไม่มีการกลับคำ)
“Where do you live?” she asked. She asked where I lived.“What is he doing?” I asked. I asked what he was doing.“Why did you leave early?” he asked. He asked why I had left early.“How can we solve this?” they asked. They asked how they could solve it.“When will you call me?” she asked. She asked when I would call her. -
คำถามทั่วไป (Yes/No questions)
ขึ้นต้นด้วย Do / Does / Did / Are / Is / Can / Will เป็นต้น
Reporting verb + if/whether + ลำดับคำแบบปกติ
“Do you like coffee?” she asked. She asked if I liked coffee.“Are they coming to the party?” he asked. He asked if they were coming to the party.“Did you see the movie?” I asked. I asked if she had seen the movie.“Will it rain tomorrow?” Tom asked. Tom asked if it would rain the next day.“Can you help me?” she asked. She asked if I could help her.“Is this your book?” he asked. He asked whether that was my book.
Reported speech ประโยคคำสั่ง
ประโยคบอกเล่า: reporting verb + object + to + verb
Open the door.
He told me to open the door.
ข้อห้าม: reporting verb + object + not to + verb
Don’t be late.
She told me not to be late.
Reported speech ข้อผิดพลาดทั่วไป
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คงโครงสร้างผกผันในคำถาม
❌ He asked where was I going
✔️ He asked where I was going -
ใช้ “said me”
❌ He said me that…
✔️ He told me that…
✔️ He said that…
say — без объекта, tell — с объектом -
อย่าเปลี่ยนกาลของคำกริยา
❌ He said he is happy.
✔️ He said he was happy. Если reporting verb в прошедшем — делаем сдвиг времени. -
อย่าเปลี่ยนคำสรรพนาม
❌ She said I am tired.
✔️ She said she was tired. Местоимения всегда подстраиваются под новый контекст.
Reported speech ประโยค
“I am learning French,” she said.
She said she was learning French.
“He has finished his project,” they said.
They said he had finished his project.
“I shall return soon,” he said.
He said he should return soon.
“You must call her today,” Mom said.
Mom said I had to call her that day.
“What time does the train leave?” I asked.
I asked what time the train left.
“Why are you crying?” he asked.
He asked why I was crying.
“Can she swim?” I asked.
I asked if she could swim.
“Is your brother at home?” she asked.
She asked whether my brother was at home.
Leave your shoes outside.
He told me to leave my shoes outside.
Don’t touch that button.
She told me not to touch that button.
Reported speech ตัวอย่าง
“I was reading a book,” she said.
She said she had been reading a book.
“We have seen this movie,” they said.
They said they had seen that movie.
“He will help us tomorrow,” I said.
I said he would help us the next day.
“When did she arrive?” he asked.
He asked when she had arrived.
“Where are my keys?” she asked.
She asked where her keys were.
“Does he like pizza?” I asked.
I asked if he liked pizza.
“Will they join us?” she asked.
She asked if they would join us.
“You ought to apologize,” he said.
He said I ought to apologize.
Be quiet, please.
She told me to be quiet.
Don’t forget your umbrella.
He reminded me not to forget my umbrella.
