Reported Speech قانون، مثال‌ها، تمرین‌ها و آزمون‌ها

Reported speech استفاده می‌کنیم

از آن برای بازگویی سخنان دیگران با تغییر ساختار استفاده می‌کنیم تا بخشی از متن شما شوند، نه یک نقل‌قول مستقیم.
گفتار مستقیم را به گفتار غیرمستقیم تبدیل می‌کنیم.

Reported speech فرم

Subject + reporting V, that subject + V (در صورت نیاز با تغییر زمان فعل)

“I am tired”, she said. She said that she was tired.

Reported speech قانون

در انگلیسی، نقل‌قول غیرمستقیم داخل گیومه نوشته نمی‌شود، برخلاف نقل‌قول مستقیم:

George said, “I am ready to dance with you.”

George said (that) he was ready to dance with me.

Reported speech تغییرات زمان‌ها

گفتار مستقیم (Direct speech)	گفتار غیرمستقیم (Reported speech)
Present Simple I know	Past Simple he said he knew
Present Continuous I am doing	Past Continuous he said he was doing
Present Perfect I have done	Past Perfect he said he had done
Past Simple I did	Past Perfect he said he had done
Past Continuous I was doing	Past Perfect Continuous he said he had been doing
Past Perfect I had done	Past Perfect I had done
Future (will) I will go	would he said he would go

❗ وقتی زمان تغییر نمی‌کند

حقایق کلی، واقعیت‌ها، قوانین طبیعت.
اگر چیزی همیشه حقیقت داشته باشد، زمان تغییر نمی‌کند:
The Earth moves around the Sun. He said that the Earth moves around the Sun.
وقتی عمل در لحظهٔ صحبت همچنان مرتبط است.
اگر گزاره اکنون نیز درست باشد.
I live in Paris. She said she lives in Paris. (زیرا او هنوز هم آنجا زندگی می‌کند)
اگر جملهٔ وابسته در Past Continuous باشد، در گفتار ممکن است زمان فعل تغییر نکند.
He said, “I was playing football when she called me.”.
او گفت: «من داشتم فوتبال بازی می‌کردم که او به من زنگ زد». He said that he was playing football when she called him.
او گفت که وقتی او به او زنگ زد، مشغول فوتبال بازی کردن بود.
اگر فعل گزارش‌دهنده در زمان حال باشد
با says، tells، has said تغییر زمان رخ نمی‌دهد.
I’m busy. She says she is busy

Reported speech افعال وجهی (مودال)

افعال وجهی که تغییر می‌کنند:

گفتار مستقیم (Direct speech)	گفتار غیرمستقیم (Reported speech)
will	would
can	could
may	might
shall	should
must (تعهد)	had to
must (بیانگر دستور یا توافق است)	was to

He said, “I will help you.” He said (that) he would help me.

She said, “I can finish it today.” She said (that) she could finish it that day.

John said, “I may go to the party.” John said (that) he might go to the party.

I asked, “Shall we begin?” I asked if we should begin.

My mother said, “You must do your homework.” My mother said (that) I had to do my homework.

The officer said, “You must be there by 6.” The officer said (that) I was to be there by 6.

افعال وجهی که تغییر نمی‌کنند
(صیغهٔ گذشته ندارند):
could, should, would, might, ought to
“I could help you,” he said. He said he could help me.

“You should study more,” the teacher said. The teacher said I should study more.

“I would love to join you,” she said. She said she would love to join us.

“It might rain later,” John said. John said it might rain later.

“You ought to be more careful,” she said. She said I ought to be more careful.

Reported speech ضمائر

ضمائر بسته به این‌که چه کسی سخن می‌گوید و سخن به چه کسی خطاب شده است تغییر می‌کنند.

“I like your car,” he said. He said he liked my car.

Reported speech زمان و مکان

the previous weektd>two days earlier

گفتار مستقیم (Direct speech)	گفتار غیرمستقیم (Reported speech)
today	that day
yesterday	the day before
tomorrow	the next day
now	then
last week
tonight	that night
two days ago
here	there
this	that
these	those

“We have a meeting today,” he said. He said they had a meeting that day.

I bought these shoes yesterday. She said she had bought those shoes the day before.

I will come tomorrow. He said he would come the next day.

I can’t talk now. He said he couldn’t talk then.

I finished the course last week. She said she had finished the course the previous week.

I’m going out tonight. He said he was going out that night.

I moved here two days ago. She said she had moved there two days earlier.

Come here. She told him to come there.

This place is beautiful. He said that place was beautiful.

I bought these shoes. He said he had bought those shoes.

Reported speech افعال

افعالی که پس از آن‌ها that-clause می‌آید :
say, tell, add, explain, mention, reply, answer, admit, agree, deny, promise…
I’m tired. She said that she was tired.
افعالی که پس از آن‌ها to-infinitive می‌آید:
advise, ask, tell, order, persuade, remind, warn, invite, encourage…
Don’t be late. He told me to not be late.

Reported speech نفی

not را قبل از فعل اصلی اضافه کنید / نگه دارید
I don’t like it. She said she didn’t like it.
اگر فعل وجهی با not منفی شده باشد، فعل وجهی را تغییر می‌دهیم و not را اضافه می‌کنیم.
I can’t help you. He said he couldn’t help me.
اگر not به معنا اشاره کند و نه به دستور زبان، آن را همان‌طور نگه می‌داریم.
Don’t worry. He told me not to worry.

Reported speech سؤالات

در نقل‌قول غیرمستقیم، پرسش‌های کلی (بله/خیر) با if یا whether آورده می‌شوند. ترتیب واژگان پرسش به ترتیب یک جمله خبری تبدیل می‌شود.
- در پرسش‌های عادی Yes/No، زمانی که فقط می‌خواهیم بدانیم «بله یا خیر»، از if استفاده می‌شود.
  Do you like it? He asked if I liked it.
- هنگامی که پرسش شامل یک گزینه یا انتخاب باشد، از whether استفاده می‌شود.
  Do you want tea or coffee? He asked whether I wanted tea or coffee.
پرسش‌هایی با واژهٔ پرسشی (wh-questions)
Reporting verb + wh-word + ترتیب مستقیم واژگان (بدون وارونگی)

“Where do you live?” she asked. She asked where I lived.

“What is he doing?” I asked. I asked what he was doing.

“Why did you leave early?” he asked. He asked why I had left early.

“How can we solve this?” they asked. They asked how they could solve it.

“When will you call me?” she asked. She asked when I would call her.
پرسش‌های کلی (Yes/No questions) با Do / Does / Did / Are / Is / Can / Will و … شروع می‌شوند.
Reporting verb + if/whether + ترتیب مستقیم واژگان

“Do you like coffee?” she asked. She asked if I liked coffee.

“Are they coming to the party?” he asked. He asked if they were coming to the party.

“Did you see the movie?” I asked. I asked if she had seen the movie.

“Will it rain tomorrow?” Tom asked. Tom asked if it would rain the next day.

“Can you help me?” she asked. She asked if I could help her.

“Is this your book?” he asked. He asked whether that was my book.

Reported speech وجه امری

جمله‌ی مثبت: reporting verb + object + to + verb

Open the door. He told me to open the door.

ممنوعیت: reporting verb + object + not to + verb

Don’t be late. She told me not to be late.

Reported speech اشتباهات رایج

حفظ وارونگی در پرسش‌ها
❌ He asked where was I going
✔️ He asked where I was going
استفاده از «said me»
❌ He said me that…
✔️ He told me that…
✔️ He said that…
say — без объекта, tell — с объектом
زمان فعل را تغییر ندهید
❌ He said he is happy.
✔️ He said he was happy. Если reporting verb в прошедшем — делаем сдвиг времени.
ضمیرها را تغییر ندهید
❌ She said I am tired.
✔️ She said she was tired. Местоимения всегда подстраиваются под новый контекст.

Reported speech جملات

“I am learning French,” she said. She said she was learning French.

“He has finished his project,” they said. They said he had finished his project.

“I shall return soon,” he said. He said he should return soon.

“You must call her today,” Mom said. Mom said I had to call her that day.

“What time does the train leave?” I asked. I asked what time the train left.

“Why are you crying?” he asked. He asked why I was crying.

“Can she swim?” I asked. I asked if she could swim.

“Is your brother at home?” she asked. She asked whether my brother was at home.

Leave your shoes outside. He told me to leave my shoes outside.

Don’t touch that button. She told me not to touch that button.

Reported speech نمونه‌ها

“I was reading a book,” she said. She said she had been reading a book.

“We have seen this movie,” they said. They said they had seen that movie.

“He will help us tomorrow,” I said. I said he would help us the next day.

“When did she arrive?” he asked. He asked when she had arrived.

“Where are my keys?” she asked. She asked where her keys were.

“Does he like pizza?” I asked. I asked if he liked pizza.

“Will they join us?” she asked. She asked if they would join us.

“You ought to apologize,” he said. He said I ought to apologize.

Be quiet, please. She told me to be quiet.

Don’t forget your umbrella. He reminded me not to forget my umbrella.

Reported Speech: جملات، تمرین‌ها، آزمون‌ها و مثال‌ها