Reported speech використовуємо
Використовуємо це, щоб переказати чужі слова, змінюючи їхню форму, щоб вони стали частиною вашого тексту, а не прямою цитатою.
Ми перетворюємо пряму мову на непряму.
Reported speech Форма
Subject + reporting V, that subject + V (зі зміною часу за потреби)
“I am tired”, she said.
She said that she was tired.
Reported speech Правило
В англійській мові непряму мову не виділяють лапками, на відміну від прямої мови:George said, “I am ready to dance with you.”
George said (that) he was ready to dance with me.
Reported speech Зміни часів
|
Пряма мова
(Direct speech) |
Непряма мова
(Reported speech) |
|
Present Simple
I know |
Past Simple he said he knew |
| Present Continuous I am doing | Past Continuous he said he was doing |
| Present Perfect I have done | Past Perfect he said he had done |
| Past Simple I did | Past Perfect he said he had done |
| Past Continuous I was doing | Past Perfect Continuous he said he had been doing |
| Past Perfect I had done | Past Perfect I had done |
| Future (will) I will go | would he said he would go |
❗ Коли час не змінюється
-
Загальні істини, факти, закони природи.
Якщо щось завжди є правдою — час не змінюється:The Earth moves around the Sun. He said that the Earth moves around the Sun. -
Коли дія актуальна на момент мовлення.
Якщо твердження все ще є правдивим зараз.I live in Paris. She said she lives in Paris. (тому що вона й досі там живе) -
Якщо підрядне речення в Past Continuous, у розмовній мові час дієслова може не змінюватися.
He said, “I was playing football when she called me.”.
Він сказав: «Я грав у футбол, коли вона мені подзвонила». He said that he was playing football when she called him.
Він сказав, що грав у футбол, коли вона йому зателефонувала. -
Якщо дієслово повідомлення стоїть у теперішньому часі
При says, tells, has said зміни часу немає.I’m busy. She says she is busy
Reported speech Модальні дієслова
-
Модальні дієслова, які змінюються:
Пряма мова
(Direct speech)Непряма мова
(Reported speech)will would can could may might shall should must
(обов’язок)had to must
(виражає наказ
або домовленість)was to He said, “I will help you.” He said (that) he would help me.She said, “I can finish it today.” She said (that) she could finish it that day.John said, “I may go to the party.” John said (that) he might go to the party.I asked, “Shall we begin?” I asked if we should begin.My mother said, “You must do your homework.” My mother said (that) I had to do my homework.The officer said, “You must be there by 6.” The officer said (that) I was to be there by 6. -
Модальні дієслова, які НЕ змінюються
(не мають форми минулого):
could, should, would, might, ought to“I could help you,” he said. He said he could help me.“You should study more,” the teacher said. The teacher said I should study more.“I would love to join you,” she said. She said she would love to join us.“It might rain later,” John said. John said it might rain later.“You ought to be more careful,” she said. She said I ought to be more careful.
Reported speech Займенники
Займенники змінюються залежно від того, хто говорить, і кому адресовані слова.
“I like your car,” he said.
He said he liked my car.
Reported speech Час і місце
|
Пряма мова
(Direct speech) |
Непряма мова
(Reported speech) |
| today | that day |
| yesterday | the day before |
| tomorrow | the next day |
| now | then |
| last week | |
| tonight | that night |
| two days ago | td>two days earlier|
| here | there |
| this | that |
| these | those |
“We have a meeting today,” he said.
He said they had a meeting that day.
I bought these shoes yesterday.
She said she had bought those shoes the day before.
I will come tomorrow.
He said he would come the next day.
I can’t talk now.
He said he couldn’t talk then.
I finished the course last week.
She said she had finished the course the previous week.
I’m going out tonight.
He said he was going out that night.
I moved here two days ago.
She said she had moved there two days earlier.
Come here.
She told him to come there.
This place is beautiful.
He said that place was beautiful.
I bought these shoes.
He said he had bought those shoes.
Reported speech Дієслова
-
Дієслова, після яких іде that-clause
:
say, tell, add, explain, mention, reply, answer, admit, agree, deny, promise…I’m tired. She said that she was tired. -
Дієслова, після яких іде to-infinitive:
advise, ask, tell, order, persuade, remind, warn, invite, encourage…Don’t be late. He told me to not be late.
Reported speech Заперечення
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Додаємо / зберігаємо not перед смисловим дієсловом
I don’t like it. She said she didn’t like it.
-
Якщо модальне дієслово має заперечення з not, ми змінюємо модальне дієслово та додаємо not.
I can’t help you. He said he couldn’t help me.
-
Якщо not стосується змісту, а не граматики — ми його залишаємо.
Don’t worry. He told me not to worry.
Reported speech Питання
-
Загальні запитання в непрямій мові приєднуються до основного речення за допомогою
if або whether.
Порядок слів у питальному реченні змінюється на порядок слів розповідного речення.
-
If використовується в звичайних Yes/No запитаннях, коли потрібно просто дізнатися «так чи ні».
Do you like it? He asked if I liked it.
-
Whether використовується, коли в запитанні є альтернатива або вибір.
Do you want tea or coffee? He asked whether I wanted tea or coffee.
-
If використовується в звичайних Yes/No запитаннях, коли потрібно просто дізнатися «так чи ні».
-
Питання з питальним словом (wh-questions)
Reporting verb + wh-word + прямий порядок слів (без інверсії)
“Where do you live?” she asked. She asked where I lived.“What is he doing?” I asked. I asked what he was doing.“Why did you leave early?” he asked. He asked why I had left early.“How can we solve this?” they asked. They asked how they could solve it.“When will you call me?” she asked. She asked when I would call her. -
Загальні запитання (Yes/No questions)
Починаються зі Do / Does / Did / Are / Is / Can / Will тощо.
Reporting verb + if/whether + прямий порядок слів
“Do you like coffee?” she asked. She asked if I liked coffee.“Are they coming to the party?” he asked. He asked if they were coming to the party.“Did you see the movie?” I asked. I asked if she had seen the movie.“Will it rain tomorrow?” Tom asked. Tom asked if it would rain the next day.“Can you help me?” she asked. She asked if I could help her.“Is this your book?” he asked. He asked whether that was my book.
Reported speech Наказовий спосіб
Стверджувальне речення: reporting verb + object + to + verb
Open the door.
He told me to open the door.
Заборона: reporting verb + object + not to + verb
Don’t be late.
She told me not to be late.
Reported speech Типові помилки
-
Зберігати інверсію в питаннях
❌ He asked where was I going
✔️ He asked where I was going -
Використовувати “said me”
❌ He said me that…
✔️ He told me that…
✔️ He said that…
say — без объекта, tell — с объектом -
Не змінювати час
❌ He said he is happy.
✔️ He said he was happy. Если reporting verb в прошедшем — делаем сдвиг времени. -
Не змінювати займенники
❌ She said I am tired.
✔️ She said she was tired. Местоимения всегда подстраиваются под новый контекст.
Reported speech Речення
“I am learning French,” she said.
She said she was learning French.
“He has finished his project,” they said.
They said he had finished his project.
“I shall return soon,” he said.
He said he should return soon.
“You must call her today,” Mom said.
Mom said I had to call her that day.
“What time does the train leave?” I asked.
I asked what time the train left.
“Why are you crying?” he asked.
He asked why I was crying.
“Can she swim?” I asked.
I asked if she could swim.
“Is your brother at home?” she asked.
She asked whether my brother was at home.
Leave your shoes outside.
He told me to leave my shoes outside.
Don’t touch that button.
She told me not to touch that button.
Reported speech Приклади
“I was reading a book,” she said.
She said she had been reading a book.
“We have seen this movie,” they said.
They said they had seen that movie.
“He will help us tomorrow,” I said.
I said he would help us the next day.
“When did she arrive?” he asked.
He asked when she had arrived.
“Where are my keys?” she asked.
She asked where her keys were.
“Does he like pizza?” I asked.
I asked if he liked pizza.
“Will they join us?” she asked.
She asked if they would join us.
“You ought to apologize,” he said.
He said I ought to apologize.
Be quiet, please.
She told me to be quiet.
Don’t forget your umbrella.
He reminded me not to forget my umbrella.
