Reported speech naudojame
Naudojame tam, kad perteiktume kito žmogaus žodžius pakeisdami jų formą, kad jie taptų jūsų teksto dalimi, o ne tiesiogine citata.
Tiesioginę kalbą keičiame netiesiogine.
Reported speech Forma
Subject + reporting V, that subject + V (keičiant laiką, jei reikia)
“I am tired”, she said.
She said that she was tired.
Reported speech Taisyklė
Anglų kalboje netiesioginė kalba nerašoma kabutėse, skirtingai nei tiesioginė kalba:George said, “I am ready to dance with you.”
George said (that) he was ready to dance with me.
Reported speech Laikų pokyčiai
|
Tiesioginė kalba
(Direct speech) |
Netiesioginė kalba
(Reported speech) |
|
Present Simple
I know |
Past Simple he said he knew |
| Present Continuous I am doing | Past Continuous he said he was doing |
| Present Perfect I have done | Past Perfect he said he had done |
| Past Simple I did | Past Perfect he said he had done |
| Past Continuous I was doing | Past Perfect Continuous he said he had been doing |
| Past Perfect I had done | Past Perfect I had done |
| Future (will) I will go | would he said he would go |
❗ Kai laikas nesikeičia
-
Bendros tiesos, faktai, gamtos dėsniai.
Jei kas nors visada teisinga — laikas nesikeičia:The Earth moves around the Sun. He said that the Earth moves around the Sun. -
Kai veiksmas vis dar aktualus kalbėjimo metu.
Jei teiginys ir dabar teisingas.I live in Paris. She said she lives in Paris. (nes ji vis dar ten gyvena) -
Jei šalutinis sakinys yra Past Continuous laike, šnekamojoje kalboje veiksmažodžio laikas gali nesikeisti.
He said, “I was playing football when she called me.”.
Jis pasakė: „Aš žaidžiau futbolą, kai ji man paskambino.“. He said that he was playing football when she called him.
Jis sakė, kad žaidė futbolą, kai ji jam paskambino. -
Jei pranešimo veiksmažodis yra esamajame laike
Su says, tells, has said laikas nesikeičia.I’m busy. She says she is busy
Reported speech Modaliniai veiksmažodžiai
-
Modaliniai veiksmažodžiai, kurie keičiasi:
Tiesioginė kalba
(Direct speech)Netiesioginė kalba
(Reported speech)will would can could may might shall should must
(pareiga)had to must
(išreiškia įsakymą
ar susitarimą)was to He said, “I will help you.” He said (that) he would help me.She said, “I can finish it today.” She said (that) she could finish it that day.John said, “I may go to the party.” John said (that) he might go to the party.I asked, “Shall we begin?” I asked if we should begin.My mother said, “You must do your homework.” My mother said (that) I had to do my homework.The officer said, “You must be there by 6.” The officer said (that) I was to be there by 6. -
Modaliniai veiksmažodžiai, kurie NESIKEIČIA
(neturi būtojo laiko formos):
could, should, would, might, ought to“I could help you,” he said. He said he could help me.“You should study more,” the teacher said. The teacher said I should study more.“I would love to join you,” she said. She said she would love to join us.“It might rain later,” John said. John said it might rain later.“You ought to be more careful,” she said. She said I ought to be more careful.
Reported speech Įvardžiai
Įvardžiai keičiasi priklausomai nuo to, kas kalba ir kam žodžiai skirti.
“I like your car,” he said.
He said he liked my car.
Reported speech Laikas ir vieta
|
Tiesioginė kalba
(Direct speech) |
Netiesioginė kalba
(Reported speech) |
| today | that day |
| yesterday | the day before |
| tomorrow | the next day |
| now | then |
| last week | |
| tonight | that night |
| two days ago | td>two days earlier|
| here | there |
| this | that |
| these | those |
“We have a meeting today,” he said.
He said they had a meeting that day.
I bought these shoes yesterday.
She said she had bought those shoes the day before.
I will come tomorrow.
He said he would come the next day.
I can’t talk now.
He said he couldn’t talk then.
I finished the course last week.
She said she had finished the course the previous week.
I’m going out tonight.
He said he was going out that night.
I moved here two days ago.
She said she had moved there two days earlier.
Come here.
She told him to come there.
This place is beautiful.
He said that place was beautiful.
I bought these shoes.
He said he had bought those shoes.
Reported speech Veiksmažodžiai
-
Veiksmažodžiai, po kurių eina that-clause
:
say, tell, add, explain, mention, reply, answer, admit, agree, deny, promise…I’m tired. She said that she was tired. -
Veiksmažodžiai, po kurių eina to-infinitive:
advise, ask, tell, order, persuade, remind, warn, invite, encourage…Don’t be late. He told me to not be late.
Reported speech Neigimas
-
Pridėkite / palikite not prieš pagrindinį veiksmažodį
I don’t like it. She said she didn’t like it.
-
Jei modalinis veiksmažodis turi neigimą su not, keičiame modalinį veiksmažodį ir pridedame not.
I can’t help you. He said he couldn’t help me.
-
Jei not susijęs su reikšme, o ne gramatika — mes jį paliekame.
Don’t worry. He told me not to worry.
Reported speech Klausimai
-
Netiesioginėje kalboje bendrieji (taip/ne) klausimai jungiami
if arba whether.
Klausimo žodžių tvarka pakeičiama į teiginio žodžių tvarką.
-
If vartojamas įprastuose Yes/No klausimuose, kai reikia tiesiog sužinoti „taip ar ne“.
Do you like it? He asked if I liked it.
-
Jei klausime yra alternatyva ar pasirinkimas, vartojama whether.
Do you want tea or coffee? He asked whether I wanted tea or coffee.
-
If vartojamas įprastuose Yes/No klausimuose, kai reikia tiesiog sužinoti „taip ar ne“.
-
Klausimai su klausiamuoju žodžiu (wh-questions)
Reporting verb + wh-word + tiesioginė žodžių tvarka (be inversijos)
“Where do you live?” she asked. She asked where I lived.“What is he doing?” I asked. I asked what he was doing.“Why did you leave early?” he asked. He asked why I had left early.“How can we solve this?” they asked. They asked how they could solve it.“When will you call me?” she asked. She asked when I would call her. -
Bendrieji klausimai (Yes/No questions)
Prasideda žodžiais Do / Does / Did / Are / Is / Can / Will ir kt.
Reporting verb + if/whether + tiesioginė žodžių tvarka
“Do you like coffee?” she asked. She asked if I liked coffee.“Are they coming to the party?” he asked. He asked if they were coming to the party.“Did you see the movie?” I asked. I asked if she had seen the movie.“Will it rain tomorrow?” Tom asked. Tom asked if it would rain the next day.“Can you help me?” she asked. She asked if I could help her.“Is this your book?” he asked. He asked whether that was my book.
Reported speech Liepiamoji nuosaka
Tvirtinamasis sakinys: reporting verb + object + to + verb
Open the door.
He told me to open the door.
Draudimas: reporting verb + object + not to + verb
Don’t be late.
She told me not to be late.
Reported speech Tipinės klaidos
-
Išlaikyti inversiją klausimuose
❌ He asked where was I going
✔️ He asked where I was going -
Vartoti „said me“
❌ He said me that…
✔️ He told me that…
✔️ He said that…
say — без объекта, tell — с объектом -
Nekeisti laiko formos
❌ He said he is happy.
✔️ He said he was happy. Если reporting verb в прошедшем — делаем сдвиг времени. -
Nekeisti įvardžių
❌ She said I am tired.
✔️ She said she was tired. Местоимения всегда подстраиваются под новый контекст.
Reported speech Sakiniai
“I am learning French,” she said.
She said she was learning French.
“He has finished his project,” they said.
They said he had finished his project.
“I shall return soon,” he said.
He said he should return soon.
“You must call her today,” Mom said.
Mom said I had to call her that day.
“What time does the train leave?” I asked.
I asked what time the train left.
“Why are you crying?” he asked.
He asked why I was crying.
“Can she swim?” I asked.
I asked if she could swim.
“Is your brother at home?” she asked.
She asked whether my brother was at home.
Leave your shoes outside.
He told me to leave my shoes outside.
Don’t touch that button.
She told me not to touch that button.
Reported speech Pavyzdžiai
“I was reading a book,” she said.
She said she had been reading a book.
“We have seen this movie,” they said.
They said they had seen that movie.
“He will help us tomorrow,” I said.
I said he would help us the next day.
“When did she arrive?” he asked.
He asked when she had arrived.
“Where are my keys?” she asked.
She asked where her keys were.
“Does he like pizza?” I asked.
I asked if he liked pizza.
“Will they join us?” she asked.
She asked if they would join us.
“You ought to apologize,” he said.
He said I ought to apologize.
Be quiet, please.
She told me to be quiet.
Don’t forget your umbrella.
He reminded me not to forget my umbrella.
