Reported speech हम उपयोग करते हैं
इसका उपयोग किसी और के शब्दों को उनके रूप में बदलाव करके दोबारा बताने के लिए किया जाता है, ताकि वे सीधे उद्धरण के बजाय आपके पाठ का हिस्सा बन जाएँ।
हम direct speech को reported speech में बदलते हैं।
Reported speech फ़ॉर्म
Subject + reporting V, that subject + V (ज़रूरत पड़ने पर काल बदलकर)
“I am tired”, she said.
She said that she was tired.
Reported speech नियम
अंग्रेज़ी में अप्रत्यक्ष कथन को उद्धरण चिह्नों में नहीं लिखा जाता, जबकि प्रत्यक्ष कथन में लिखा जाता है:George said, “I am ready to dance with you.”
George said (that) he was ready to dance with me.
Reported speech काल परिवर्तन
|
प्रत्यक्ष वचन
(Direct speech) |
परोक्ष वचन
(Reported speech) |
|
Present Simple
I know |
Past Simple he said he knew |
| Present Continuous I am doing | Past Continuous he said he was doing |
| Present Perfect I have done | Past Perfect he said he had done |
| Past Simple I did | Past Perfect he said he had done |
| Past Continuous I was doing | Past Perfect Continuous he said he had been doing |
| Past Perfect I had done | Past Perfect I had done |
| Future (will) I will go | would he said he would go |
❗ जब काल नहीं बदलता
-
सामान्य सत्य, तथ्य, प्रकृति के नियम।
यदि कुछ हमेशा सत्य है — काल नहीं बदलता:The Earth moves around the Sun. He said that the Earth moves around the Sun. -
जब क्रिया बोलने के समय भी प्रासंगिक हो।
यदि कथन अब भी सत्य है।I live in Paris. She said she lives in Paris. (क्योंकि वह अब भी वहाँ रहती है) -
यदि उपवाक्य Past Continuous में है, तो बोलचाल की भाषा में क्रिया का काल नहीं बदल सकता।
He said, “I was playing football when she called me.”.
उसने कहा, “जब उसने मुझे फ़ोन किया, तब मैं फ़ुटबॉल खेल रहा था।”. He said that he was playing football when she called him.
उसने कहा कि जब उसने उसे फोन किया, तब वह फ़ुटबॉल खेल रहा था। -
यदि रिपोर्टिंग क्रिया वर्तमान काल में हो
says, tells, has said के साथ काल में बदलाव नहीं होता।I’m busy. She says she is busy
Reported speech मोडल क्रियाएँ
-
वे मोडल क्रियाएँ जो बदलती हैं:
प्रत्यक्ष वचन
(Direct speech)परोक्ष वचन
(Reported speech)will would can could may might shall should must
(कर्तव्य)had to must
(आदेश
या समझौता व्यक्त करता है)was to He said, “I will help you.” He said (that) he would help me.She said, “I can finish it today.” She said (that) she could finish it that day.John said, “I may go to the party.” John said (that) he might go to the party.I asked, “Shall we begin?” I asked if we should begin.My mother said, “You must do your homework.” My mother said (that) I had to do my homework.The officer said, “You must be there by 6.” The officer said (that) I was to be there by 6. -
वे मोडल क्रियाएँ जो नहीं बदलतीं
(उनका भूतकाल रूप नहीं होता):
could, should, would, might, ought to“I could help you,” he said. He said he could help me.“You should study more,” the teacher said. The teacher said I should study more.“I would love to join you,” she said. She said she would love to join us.“It might rain later,” John said. John said it might rain later.“You ought to be more careful,” she said. She said I ought to be more careful.
Reported speech सर्वनाम
सर्वनाम बदलते हैं इस पर निर्भर करते हुए कि कौन बोल रहा है और शब्द किसके लिए कहे जा रहे हैं।
“I like your car,” he said.
He said he liked my car.
Reported speech समय और स्थान
|
प्रत्यक्ष वचन
(Direct speech) |
परोक्ष वचन
(Reported speech) |
| today | that day |
| yesterday | the day before |
| tomorrow | the next day |
| now | then |
| last week | |
| tonight | that night |
| two days ago | td>two days earlier|
| here | there |
| this | that |
| these | those |
“We have a meeting today,” he said.
He said they had a meeting that day.
I bought these shoes yesterday.
She said she had bought those shoes the day before.
I will come tomorrow.
He said he would come the next day.
I can’t talk now.
He said he couldn’t talk then.
I finished the course last week.
She said she had finished the course the previous week.
I’m going out tonight.
He said he was going out that night.
I moved here two days ago.
She said she had moved there two days earlier.
Come here.
She told him to come there.
This place is beautiful.
He said that place was beautiful.
I bought these shoes.
He said he had bought those shoes.
Reported speech क्रियाएँ
-
वे क्रियाएँ जिनके बाद that-clause आता है
:
say, tell, add, explain, mention, reply, answer, admit, agree, deny, promise…I’m tired. She said that she was tired. -
वे क्रियाएँ जिनके बाद to-infinitive आता है:
advise, ask, tell, order, persuade, remind, warn, invite, encourage…Don’t be late. He told me to not be late.
Reported speech निराकरण
-
मुख्य क्रिया से पहले not जोड़ें / बनाए रखें
I don’t like it. She said she didn’t like it.
-
यदि मॉड्ल क्रिया में not के साथ नकार है, तो हम मॉड्ल क्रिया बदलते हैं और not जोड़ते हैं।
I can’t help you. He said he couldn’t help me.
-
यदि not व्याकरण के बजाय अर्थ से जुड़ा है, तो हम उसे वैसे ही रखते हैं।
Don’t worry. He told me not to worry.
Reported speech प्रश्न
-
अप्रत्यक्ष वाक्य में सामान्य (हाँ/नहीं) प्रश्न
if या whether से जोड़े जाते हैं।
प्रश्न का शब्द-क्रम कथन वाले क्रम में बदल जाता है।
-
साधारण Yes/No प्रश्नों में, जब केवल “हाँ या नहीं” जानना हो, तब if का उपयोग किया जाता है।
Do you like it? He asked if I liked it.
-
जब प्रश्न में कोई विकल्प या चुनाव हो, तब whether का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
Do you want tea or coffee? He asked whether I wanted tea or coffee.
-
साधारण Yes/No प्रश्नों में, जब केवल “हाँ या नहीं” जानना हो, तब if का उपयोग किया जाता है।
-
प्रश्न जिनमें प्रश्नवाचक शब्द हो (wh-questions)
Reporting verb + wh-word + सीधा शब्द क्रम (बिना inversion)
“Where do you live?” she asked. She asked where I lived.“What is he doing?” I asked. I asked what he was doing.“Why did you leave early?” he asked. He asked why I had left early.“How can we solve this?” they asked. They asked how they could solve it.“When will you call me?” she asked. She asked when I would call her. -
सामान्य प्रश्न (Yes/No questions)
इनकी शुरुआत Do / Does / Did / Are / Is / Can / Will आदि से होती है।
Reporting verb + if/whether + सीधा शब्द क्रम
“Do you like coffee?” she asked. She asked if I liked coffee.“Are they coming to the party?” he asked. He asked if they were coming to the party.“Did you see the movie?” I asked. I asked if she had seen the movie.“Will it rain tomorrow?” Tom asked. Tom asked if it would rain the next day.“Can you help me?” she asked. She asked if I could help her.“Is this your book?” he asked. He asked whether that was my book.
Reported speech आज्ञार्थक वाच्य
सकारात्मक वाक्य: reporting verb + object + to + verb
Open the door.
He told me to open the door.
प्रतिषेध: reporting verb + object + not to + verb
Don’t be late.
She told me not to be late.
Reported speech सामान्य गलतियाँ
-
प्रश्नों में inversion बनाए रखना
❌ He asked where was I going
✔️ He asked where I was going -
“said me” का उपयोग करना
❌ He said me that…
✔️ He told me that…
✔️ He said that…
say — без объекта, tell — с объектом -
काल न बदलें
❌ He said he is happy.
✔️ He said he was happy. Если reporting verb в прошедшем — делаем сдвиг времени. -
सर्वनाम न बदलें
❌ She said I am tired.
✔️ She said she was tired. Местоимения всегда подстраиваются под новый контекст.
Reported speech वाक्य
“I am learning French,” she said.
She said she was learning French.
“He has finished his project,” they said.
They said he had finished his project.
“I shall return soon,” he said.
He said he should return soon.
“You must call her today,” Mom said.
Mom said I had to call her that day.
“What time does the train leave?” I asked.
I asked what time the train left.
“Why are you crying?” he asked.
He asked why I was crying.
“Can she swim?” I asked.
I asked if she could swim.
“Is your brother at home?” she asked.
She asked whether my brother was at home.
Leave your shoes outside.
He told me to leave my shoes outside.
Don’t touch that button.
She told me not to touch that button.
Reported speech उदाहरण
“I was reading a book,” she said.
She said she had been reading a book.
“We have seen this movie,” they said.
They said they had seen that movie.
“He will help us tomorrow,” I said.
I said he would help us the next day.
“When did she arrive?” he asked.
He asked when she had arrived.
“Where are my keys?” she asked.
She asked where her keys were.
“Does he like pizza?” I asked.
I asked if he liked pizza.
“Will they join us?” she asked.
She asked if they would join us.
“You ought to apologize,” he said.
He said I ought to apologize.
Be quiet, please.
She told me to be quiet.
Don’t forget your umbrella.
He reminded me not to forget my umbrella.
