Reported Speech regel, voorbeelden, oefeningen en toetsen

Reported speech gebruiken

We gebruiken het om iemands woorden weer te geven door de vorm aan te passen, zodat ze onderdeel worden van je tekst en geen directe citaat blijven.
We zetten directe rede om in indirecte rede.

Reported speech Vorm

Subject + reporting V, that subject + V (met tijdsverandering indien nodig)

“I am tired”, she said. She said that she was tired.

Reported speech Regel

In het Engels wordt indirecte rede niet tussen aanhalingstekens gezet, anders dan directe rede:

George said, “I am ready to dance with you.”

George said (that) he was ready to dance with me.

Reported speech Veranderingen van tijden

Directe rede (Direct speech)	Indirecte rede (Reported speech)
Present Simple I know	Past Simple he said he knew
Present Continuous I am doing	Past Continuous he said he was doing
Present Perfect I have done	Past Perfect he said he had done
Past Simple I did	Past Perfect he said he had done
Past Continuous I was doing	Past Perfect Continuous he said he had been doing
Past Perfect I had done	Past Perfect I had done
Future (will) I will go	would he said he would go

❗ Wanneer de tijd niet verandert

Algemene waarheden, feiten, natuurwetten.
Als iets altijd waar is, verandert de tijd niet:
The Earth moves around the Sun. He said that the Earth moves around the Sun.
Wanneer de handeling op het spreekmoment nog relevant is.
Als de uitspraak nu nog steeds waar is.
I live in Paris. She said she lives in Paris. (omdat zij daar nog steeds woont)
Als de bijzin in de Past Continuous staat, kan de werkwoordstijd in spreektaal ongewijzigd blijven.
He said, “I was playing football when she called me.”.
Hij zei: "Ik was voetbal aan het spelen toen ze me belde.". He said that he was playing football when she called him.
Hij zei dat hij aan het voetballen was toen zij hem belde.
Als het reporting verb in de tegenwoordige tijd staat
Bij says, tells, has said is er geen tijdverschuiving.
I’m busy. She says she is busy

Reported speech Modale werkwoorden

Modale werkwoorden die veranderen:

Directe rede (Direct speech)	Indirecte rede (Reported speech)
will	would
can	could
may	might
shall	should
must (verplichting)	had to
must (drukt een bevel of een afspraak uit)	was to

He said, “I will help you.” He said (that) he would help me.

She said, “I can finish it today.” She said (that) she could finish it that day.

John said, “I may go to the party.” John said (that) he might go to the party.

I asked, “Shall we begin?” I asked if we should begin.

My mother said, “You must do your homework.” My mother said (that) I had to do my homework.

The officer said, “You must be there by 6.” The officer said (that) I was to be there by 6.

Modale werkwoorden die NIET veranderen
(hebben geen verleden vorm):
could, should, would, might, ought to
“I could help you,” he said. He said he could help me.

“You should study more,” the teacher said. The teacher said I should study more.

“I would love to join you,” she said. She said she would love to join us.

“It might rain later,” John said. John said it might rain later.

“You ought to be more careful,” she said. She said I ought to be more careful.

Reported speech Voornaamwoorden

Voornaamwoorden veranderen afhankelijk van wie spreekt en tot wie de woorden gericht zijn.

“I like your car,” he said. He said he liked my car.

Reported speech Tijd en plaats

the previous weektd>two days earlier

Directe rede (Direct speech)	Indirecte rede (Reported speech)
today	that day
yesterday	the day before
tomorrow	the next day
now	then
last week
tonight	that night
two days ago
here	there
this	that
these	those

“We have a meeting today,” he said. He said they had a meeting that day.

I bought these shoes yesterday. She said she had bought those shoes the day before.

I will come tomorrow. He said he would come the next day.

I can’t talk now. He said he couldn’t talk then.

I finished the course last week. She said she had finished the course the previous week.

I’m going out tonight. He said he was going out that night.

I moved here two days ago. She said she had moved there two days earlier.

Come here. She told him to come there.

This place is beautiful. He said that place was beautiful.

I bought these shoes. He said he had bought those shoes.

Reported speech Werkwoorden

Werkwoorden gevolgd door een that-clause :
say, tell, add, explain, mention, reply, answer, admit, agree, deny, promise…
I’m tired. She said that she was tired.
Werkwoorden gevolgd door een to-infinitive:
advise, ask, tell, order, persuade, remind, warn, invite, encourage…
Don’t be late. He told me to not be late.

Reported speech Negatie

Voeg not toe / laat het staan vóór het hoofdwerkwoord
I don’t like it. She said she didn’t like it.
Als het modale werkwoord een ontkenning met not heeft, veranderen we het modale werkwoord en voegen not toe.
I can’t help you. He said he couldn’t help me.
Als not naar de betekenis verwijst en niet naar de grammatica, laten we het staan.
Don’t worry. He told me not to worry.

Reported speech Vragen

In indirecte rede worden algemene ja/nee-vragen ingeleid met if of whether. De woordvolgorde verandert naar die van een mededelende zin.
- If wordt gebruikt in gewone Yes/No-vragen wanneer men simpelweg “ja of nee” wil weten.
  Do you like it? He asked if I liked it.
- Whether wordt gebruikt wanneer een vraag een alternatief of keuze bevat.
  Do you want tea or coffee? He asked whether I wanted tea or coffee.
Vragen met een vraagwoord (wh-questions)
Reporting verb + wh-word + directe woordvolgorde (zonder inversie)

“Where do you live?” she asked. She asked where I lived.

“What is he doing?” I asked. I asked what he was doing.

“Why did you leave early?” he asked. He asked why I had left early.

“How can we solve this?” they asked. They asked how they could solve it.

“When will you call me?” she asked. She asked when I would call her.
Algemene vragen (Yes/No questions) Beginnen met Do / Does / Did / Are / Is / Can / Will, enz.
Reporting verb + if/whether + directe woordvolgorde

“Do you like coffee?” she asked. She asked if I liked coffee.

“Are they coming to the party?” he asked. He asked if they were coming to the party.

“Did you see the movie?” I asked. I asked if she had seen the movie.

“Will it rain tomorrow?” Tom asked. Tom asked if it would rain the next day.

“Can you help me?” she asked. She asked if I could help her.

“Is this your book?” he asked. He asked whether that was my book.

Reported speech Imperatief

Bevestigende zin: reporting verb + object + to + verb

Open the door. He told me to open the door.

Verbod: reporting verb + object + not to + verb

Don’t be late. She told me not to be late.

Reported speech Typische fouten

De inversie in vragen behouden
❌ He asked where was I going
✔️ He asked where I was going
“said me” gebruiken
❌ He said me that…
✔️ He told me that…
✔️ He said that…
say — без объекта, tell — с объектом
De tijd (tempus) niet veranderen
❌ He said he is happy.
✔️ He said he was happy. Если reporting verb в прошедшем — делаем сдвиг времени.
De voornaamwoorden niet veranderen
❌ She said I am tired.
✔️ She said she was tired. Местоимения всегда подстраиваются под новый контекст.

Reported speech Zinnen

“I am learning French,” she said. She said she was learning French.

“He has finished his project,” they said. They said he had finished his project.

“I shall return soon,” he said. He said he should return soon.

“You must call her today,” Mom said. Mom said I had to call her that day.

“What time does the train leave?” I asked. I asked what time the train left.

“Why are you crying?” he asked. He asked why I was crying.

“Can she swim?” I asked. I asked if she could swim.

“Is your brother at home?” she asked. She asked whether my brother was at home.

Leave your shoes outside. He told me to leave my shoes outside.

Don’t touch that button. She told me not to touch that button.

Reported speech Voorbeelden

“I was reading a book,” she said. She said she had been reading a book.

“We have seen this movie,” they said. They said they had seen that movie.

“He will help us tomorrow,” I said. I said he would help us the next day.

“When did she arrive?” he asked. He asked when she had arrived.

“Where are my keys?” she asked. She asked where her keys were.

“Does he like pizza?” I asked. I asked if he liked pizza.

“Will they join us?” she asked. She asked if they would join us.

“You ought to apologize,” he said. He said I ought to apologize.

Be quiet, please. She told me to be quiet.

Don’t forget your umbrella. He reminded me not to forget my umbrella.

Reported Speech: zinnen, oefeningen, toetsen en voorbeelden