Reported Speech kanuni, mifano, mazoezi na mitihani

Reported speech tunatumia

Inatumika kurudia maneno ya mtu mwingine kwa kubadilisha muundo wake ili yawe sehemu ya maandishi yako badala ya nukuu ya moja kwa moja.
Tunageuza hotuba ya moja kwa moja kuwa hotuba isiyo ya moja kwa moja.

Reported speech Fomu

Subject + reporting V, that subject + V (ikiwa ni lazima, kwa kubadilisha wakati wa kitenzi)

“I am tired”, she said. She said that she was tired.

Reported speech Sheria

Kwa Kiingereza, hotuba isiyo ya moja kwa moja haiwekwi kwenye nukuu, tofauti na hotuba ya moja kwa moja:

George said, “I am ready to dance with you.”

George said (that) he was ready to dance with me.

Reported speech Mabadiliko ya nyakati

Hotuba ya moja kwa moja (Direct speech)	Hotuba isiyo ya moja kwa moja (Reported speech)
Present Simple I know	Past Simple he said he knew
Present Continuous I am doing	Past Continuous he said he was doing
Present Perfect I have done	Past Perfect he said he had done
Past Simple I did	Past Perfect he said he had done
Past Continuous I was doing	Past Perfect Continuous he said he had been doing
Past Perfect I had done	Past Perfect I had done
Future (will) I will go	would he said he would go

❗ Wakati wakati hauabadilika

Ukweli wa jumla, ukweli, sheria za asili.
Ikiwa kitu ni kweli kila wakati — wakati hauabadilika:
The Earth moves around the Sun. He said that the Earth moves around the Sun.
Wakati tendo bado lina umuhimu wakati wa kuzungumza.
Ikiwa kauli bado ni ya kweli sasa.
I live in Paris. She said she lives in Paris. (kwa sababu bado anaishi huko)
Ikiwa kishazi kisaidizi kiko katika Past Continuous, wakati wa kitenzi unaweza kubaki vilevile katika mazungumzo.
He said, “I was playing football when she called me.”.
Alisema, “Nilikuwa nacheza mpira wa miguu aliponipigia simu.”. He said that he was playing football when she called him.
Alisema kwamba alikuwa anacheza mpira alipompigia simu.
Iwapo kitenzi cha kuripoti kiko katika wakati wa sasa
Kwa says, tells, has said hakuna mabadiliko ya wakati.
I’m busy. She says she is busy

Reported speech Vitenzi vya modal

Vitenzi vya modal vinavyobadilika:

Hotuba ya moja kwa moja (Direct speech)	Hotuba isiyo ya moja kwa moja (Reported speech)
will	would
can	could
may	might
shall	should
must (wajibu)	had to
must (inaonyesha amri au makubaliano)	was to

He said, “I will help you.” He said (that) he would help me.

She said, “I can finish it today.” She said (that) she could finish it that day.

John said, “I may go to the party.” John said (that) he might go to the party.

I asked, “Shall we begin?” I asked if we should begin.

My mother said, “You must do your homework.” My mother said (that) I had to do my homework.

The officer said, “You must be there by 6.” The officer said (that) I was to be there by 6.

Vitenzi vya modal ambavyo HAVIBADILIKI
(havina umbo la wakati uliopita):
could, should, would, might, ought to
“I could help you,” he said. He said he could help me.

“You should study more,” the teacher said. The teacher said I should study more.

“I would love to join you,” she said. She said she would love to join us.

“It might rain later,” John said. John said it might rain later.

“You ought to be more careful,” she said. She said I ought to be more careful.

Reported speech Viwakilishi

Viwakilishi hubadilika kulingana na anayezungumza na anayelengwa na maneno.

“I like your car,” he said. He said he liked my car.

Reported speech Wakati na mahali

the previous weektd>two days earlier

Hotuba ya moja kwa moja (Direct speech)	Hotuba isiyo ya moja kwa moja (Reported speech)
today	that day
yesterday	the day before
tomorrow	the next day
now	then
last week
tonight	that night
two days ago
here	there
this	that
these	those

“We have a meeting today,” he said. He said they had a meeting that day.

I bought these shoes yesterday. She said she had bought those shoes the day before.

I will come tomorrow. He said he would come the next day.

I can’t talk now. He said he couldn’t talk then.

I finished the course last week. She said she had finished the course the previous week.

I’m going out tonight. He said he was going out that night.

I moved here two days ago. She said she had moved there two days earlier.

Come here. She told him to come there.

This place is beautiful. He said that place was beautiful.

I bought these shoes. He said he had bought those shoes.

Reported speech Vitenzi

Vitenzi vinavyofuatwa na that-clause :
say, tell, add, explain, mention, reply, answer, admit, agree, deny, promise…
I’m tired. She said that she was tired.
Vitenzi vinavyofuatwa na to-infinitive:
advise, ask, tell, order, persuade, remind, warn, invite, encourage…
Don’t be late. He told me to not be late.

Reported speech Kukanusha

Ongeza / weka not kabla ya kitenzi kikuu
I don’t like it. She said she didn’t like it.
Ikiwa kitenzi cha modal kina kukanushwa kwa not, tunabadilisha kitenzi cha modal na kuongeza not.
I can’t help you. He said he couldn’t help me.
Ikiwa not linahusu maana na si sarufi — tunaliacha kama lilivyo.
Don’t worry. He told me not to worry.

Reported speech Maswali

Katika usemi usio wa moja kwa moja, maswali ya jumla (ndiyo/hapana) huanzishwa kwa if au whether. Mpangilio wa maneno wa swali hubadilika kuwa ule wa taarifa.
- If hutumiwa katika maswali ya kawaida ya Yes/No wakati unahitaji tu kujua “ndiyo au hapana.”
  Do you like it? He asked if I liked it.
- Whether hutumiwa pale ambapo swali lina chaguo au mbadala.
  Do you want tea or coffee? He asked whether I wanted tea or coffee.
Maswali yenye neno la kuuliza (wh-questions)
Reporting verb + wh-word + mpangilio wa moja kwa moja wa maneno (bila inversion)

“Where do you live?” she asked. She asked where I lived.

“What is he doing?” I asked. I asked what he was doing.

“Why did you leave early?” he asked. He asked why I had left early.

“How can we solve this?” they asked. They asked how they could solve it.

“When will you call me?” she asked. She asked when I would call her.
Maswali ya jumla (Yes/No questions) Huanza na Do / Does / Did / Are / Is / Can / Will n.k.
Reporting verb + if/whether + mpangilio wa moja kwa moja wa maneno

“Do you like coffee?” she asked. She asked if I liked coffee.

“Are they coming to the party?” he asked. He asked if they were coming to the party.

“Did you see the movie?” I asked. I asked if she had seen the movie.

“Will it rain tomorrow?” Tom asked. Tom asked if it would rain the next day.

“Can you help me?” she asked. She asked if I could help her.

“Is this your book?” he asked. He asked whether that was my book.

Reported speech Hali ya amri

Kauli ya kuthibitisha: reporting verb + object + to + verb

Open the door. He told me to open the door.

Marufuku: reporting verb + object + not to + verb

Don’t be late. She told me not to be late.

Reported speech Makosa ya kawaida

Kudumisha inversion katika maswali
❌ He asked where was I going
✔️ He asked where I was going
Kutumia “said me”
❌ He said me that…
✔️ He told me that…
✔️ He said that…
say — без объекта, tell — с объектом
Usibadilishe wakati wa kitenzi
❌ He said he is happy.
✔️ He said he was happy. Если reporting verb в прошедшем — делаем сдвиг времени.
Usibadilishe viwakilishi
❌ She said I am tired.
✔️ She said she was tired. Местоимения всегда подстраиваются под новый контекст.

Reported speech Sentensi

“I am learning French,” she said. She said she was learning French.

“He has finished his project,” they said. They said he had finished his project.

“I shall return soon,” he said. He said he should return soon.

“You must call her today,” Mom said. Mom said I had to call her that day.

“What time does the train leave?” I asked. I asked what time the train left.

“Why are you crying?” he asked. He asked why I was crying.

“Can she swim?” I asked. I asked if she could swim.

“Is your brother at home?” she asked. She asked whether my brother was at home.

Leave your shoes outside. He told me to leave my shoes outside.

Don’t touch that button. She told me not to touch that button.

Reported speech Mifano

“I was reading a book,” she said. She said she had been reading a book.

“We have seen this movie,” they said. They said they had seen that movie.

“He will help us tomorrow,” I said. I said he would help us the next day.

“When did she arrive?” he asked. He asked when she had arrived.

“Where are my keys?” she asked. She asked where her keys were.

“Does he like pizza?” I asked. I asked if he liked pizza.

“Will they join us?” she asked. She asked if they would join us.

“You ought to apologize,” he said. He said I ought to apologize.

Be quiet, please. She told me to be quiet.

Don’t forget your umbrella. He reminded me not to forget my umbrella.

Reported Speech: sentensi, mazoezi, mitihani na mifano