Reported speech ব্যবহার করি
অন্যের কথা পুনর্বর্ণনা করার সময় তার রূপ পরিবর্তন করে সেটিকে আপনার লেখার অংশ হিসেবে উপস্থাপনে এটি ব্যবহার করা হয়, যাতে তা সরাসরি উদ্ধৃতি না থাকে।
আমরা সরাসরি বক্তব্যকে পরোক্ষ বক্তব্যে রূপান্তর করি।
Reported speech ফর্ম
Subject + reporting V, that subject + V (প্রয়োজনে কাল পরিবর্তনসহ)
“I am tired”, she said.
She said that she was tired.
Reported speech নিয়ম
ইংরেজিতে পরোক্ষ উক্তি উদ্ধৃতি চিহ্নে লেখা হয় না, সরাসরি উক্তির মতো নয়:George said, “I am ready to dance with you.”
George said (that) he was ready to dance with me.
Reported speech কাল পরিবর্তন
|
সরাসরি উক্তি
(Direct speech) |
পরোক্ষ উক্তি
(Reported speech) |
|
Present Simple
I know |
Past Simple he said he knew |
| Present Continuous I am doing | Past Continuous he said he was doing |
| Present Perfect I have done | Past Perfect he said he had done |
| Past Simple I did | Past Perfect he said he had done |
| Past Continuous I was doing | Past Perfect Continuous he said he had been doing |
| Past Perfect I had done | Past Perfect I had done |
| Future (will) I will go | would he said he would go |
❗ যখন কাল পরিবর্তন হয় না
-
সাধারণ সত্য, তথ্য, প্রাকৃতিক নিয়ম।
কিছু যদি সবসময় সত্য হয় — কাল পরিবর্তন হয় না:The Earth moves around the Sun. He said that the Earth moves around the Sun. -
যখন ক্রিয়াটি কথার সময়ও প্রযোজ্য থাকে।
যদি বিবৃতিটি এখনো সত্য হয়।I live in Paris. She said she lives in Paris. (কারণ সে এখনো সেখানে থাকে) -
যদি অন্তর্বর্তী উপবাক্য Past Continuous-এ থাকে, কথ্য ভাষায় ক্রিয়ার কাল পরিবর্তন নাও হতে পারে।
He said, “I was playing football when she called me.”.
সে বলল, “আমি ফুটবল খেলছিলাম যখন সে আমাকে ফোন করেছিল।”. He said that he was playing football when she called him.
সে বলেছিল যে যখন সে তাকে ফোন করেছিল, তখন সে ফুটবল খেলছিল। -
যদি রিপোর্টিং ক্রিয়াটি বর্তমান কালে হয়
says, tells, has said ব্যবহারে কালের কোনো পরিবর্তন হয় না।I’m busy. She says she is busy
Reported speech মোডাল ক্রিয়া
-
যে মোডাল ক্রিয়াগুলো পরিবর্তিত হয়:
সরাসরি উক্তি
(Direct speech)পরোক্ষ উক্তি
(Reported speech)will would can could may might shall should must
(দায়িত্ব)had to must
(একটি আদেশ
বা চুক্তি প্রকাশ করে)was to He said, “I will help you.” He said (that) he would help me.She said, “I can finish it today.” She said (that) she could finish it that day.John said, “I may go to the party.” John said (that) he might go to the party.I asked, “Shall we begin?” I asked if we should begin.My mother said, “You must do your homework.” My mother said (that) I had to do my homework.The officer said, “You must be there by 6.” The officer said (that) I was to be there by 6. -
যে মোডাল ক্রিয়াগুলো পরিবর্তিত হয় না
(অতীত রূপ নেই):
could, should, would, might, ought to“I could help you,” he said. He said he could help me.“You should study more,” the teacher said. The teacher said I should study more.“I would love to join you,” she said. She said she would love to join us.“It might rain later,” John said. John said it might rain later.“You ought to be more careful,” she said. She said I ought to be more careful.
Reported speech সর্বনাম
সর্বনাম পরিবর্তিত হয় বক্তা এবং যার প্রতি কথা বলা হচ্ছে তার উপর ভিত্তি করে।
“I like your car,” he said.
He said he liked my car.
Reported speech সময় ও স্থান
|
সরাসরি উক্তি
(Direct speech) |
পরোক্ষ উক্তি
(Reported speech) |
| today | that day |
| yesterday | the day before |
| tomorrow | the next day |
| now | then |
| last week | |
| tonight | that night |
| two days ago | td>two days earlier|
| here | there |
| this | that |
| these | those |
“We have a meeting today,” he said.
He said they had a meeting that day.
I bought these shoes yesterday.
She said she had bought those shoes the day before.
I will come tomorrow.
He said he would come the next day.
I can’t talk now.
He said he couldn’t talk then.
I finished the course last week.
She said she had finished the course the previous week.
I’m going out tonight.
He said he was going out that night.
I moved here two days ago.
She said she had moved there two days earlier.
Come here.
She told him to come there.
This place is beautiful.
He said that place was beautiful.
I bought these shoes.
He said he had bought those shoes.
Reported speech ক্রিয়া
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যেসব ক্রিয়ার পরে that-clause আসে
:
say, tell, add, explain, mention, reply, answer, admit, agree, deny, promise…I’m tired. She said that she was tired. -
যেসব ক্রিয়ার পরে to-infinitive আসে:
advise, ask, tell, order, persuade, remind, warn, invite, encourage…Don’t be late. He told me to not be late.
Reported speech নিষেধ
-
মূল ক্রিয়ার আগে not যোগ করুন / রাখুন
I don’t like it. She said she didn’t like it.
-
যদি মডাল ভার্বের সঙ্গে not দিয়ে নেগেশন থাকে, তাহলে মডাল ভার্ব পরিবর্তন করে not যোগ করতে হয়।
I can’t help you. He said he couldn’t help me.
-
যদি not ব্যাকরণ নয়, অর্থ বোঝাতে ব্যবহৃত হয়, তাহলে আমরা এটিকে 그대로 রাখি।
Don’t worry. He told me not to worry.
Reported speech প্রশ্নগুলো
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পরোক্ষ কথনে সাধারণ (হ্যাঁ/না) প্রশ্ন
if বা whether দিয়ে যুক্ত হয়।
প্রশ্নের শব্দক্রম বিবৃতির শব্দক্রমে পরিবর্তিত হয়।
-
যখন কেবল “হ্যাঁ বা না” জানতে চাওয়া হয়, তখন সাধারণ Yes/No প্রশ্নে if ব্যবহার করা হয়।
Do you like it? He asked if I liked it.
-
যখন প্রশ্নে বিকল্প বা পছন্দ থাকে, তখন whether ব্যবহৃত হয়।
Do you want tea or coffee? He asked whether I wanted tea or coffee.
-
যখন কেবল “হ্যাঁ বা না” জানতে চাওয়া হয়, তখন সাধারণ Yes/No প্রশ্নে if ব্যবহার করা হয়।
-
প্রশ্নবোধক শব্দযুক্ত প্রশ্ন (wh-questions)
Reporting verb + wh-word + সরাসরি শব্দক্রম (ইনভার্সন ছাড়া)
“Where do you live?” she asked. She asked where I lived.“What is he doing?” I asked. I asked what he was doing.“Why did you leave early?” he asked. He asked why I had left early.“How can we solve this?” they asked. They asked how they could solve it.“When will you call me?” she asked. She asked when I would call her. -
সাধারণ প্রশ্ন (Yes/No questions)
Do / Does / Did / Are / Is / Can / Will ইত্যাদি দিয়ে শুরু হয়।
Reporting verb + if/whether + সরাসরি শব্দের ক্রম
“Do you like coffee?” she asked. She asked if I liked coffee.“Are they coming to the party?” he asked. He asked if they were coming to the party.“Did you see the movie?” I asked. I asked if she had seen the movie.“Will it rain tomorrow?” Tom asked. Tom asked if it would rain the next day.“Can you help me?” she asked. She asked if I could help her.“Is this your book?” he asked. He asked whether that was my book.
Reported speech আজ্ঞাসূচক রূপ
ধনাত্মক বাক্য: reporting verb + object + to + verb
Open the door.
He told me to open the door.
নিষেধ: reporting verb + object + not to + verb
Don’t be late.
She told me not to be late.
Reported speech সাধারণ ভুল
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প্রশ্নে ইনভার্সন রাখা
❌ He asked where was I going
✔️ He asked where I was going -
“said me” ব্যবহার করা
❌ He said me that…
✔️ He told me that…
✔️ He said that…
say — без объекта, tell — с объектом -
কাল পরিবর্তন করবেন না
❌ He said he is happy.
✔️ He said he was happy. Если reporting verb в прошедшем — делаем сдвиг времени. -
সর্বনাম পরিবর্তন করবেন না
❌ She said I am tired.
✔️ She said she was tired. Местоимения всегда подстраиваются под новый контекст.
Reported speech বাক্যগুলো
“I am learning French,” she said.
She said she was learning French.
“He has finished his project,” they said.
They said he had finished his project.
“I shall return soon,” he said.
He said he should return soon.
“You must call her today,” Mom said.
Mom said I had to call her that day.
“What time does the train leave?” I asked.
I asked what time the train left.
“Why are you crying?” he asked.
He asked why I was crying.
“Can she swim?” I asked.
I asked if she could swim.
“Is your brother at home?” she asked.
She asked whether my brother was at home.
Leave your shoes outside.
He told me to leave my shoes outside.
Don’t touch that button.
She told me not to touch that button.
Reported speech উদাহরণসমূহ
“I was reading a book,” she said.
She said she had been reading a book.
“We have seen this movie,” they said.
They said they had seen that movie.
“He will help us tomorrow,” I said.
I said he would help us the next day.
“When did she arrive?” he asked.
He asked when she had arrived.
“Where are my keys?” she asked.
She asked where her keys were.
“Does he like pizza?” I asked.
I asked if he liked pizza.
“Will they join us?” she asked.
She asked if they would join us.
“You ought to apologize,” he said.
He said I ought to apologize.
Be quiet, please.
She told me to be quiet.
Don’t forget your umbrella.
He reminded me not to forget my umbrella.
