Reported Speech: նախադասություններ, վարժություններ, թեստեր և օրինակներ

Reported speech օգտագործում ենք

Օգտագործում ենք ուրիշի խոսքը վերապատմելու համար՝ ձևը փոխելով, որպեսզի այն դառնա ձեր տեքստի մաս, այլ ոչ թե ուղղակի մեջբերում։
Ուղղակի խոսքը դարձնում ենք անուղղակի։

Reported speech Ձև

Subject + reporting V, that subject + V (հնարավորության դեպքում՝ ժամանակի փոփոխությամբ)

“I am tired”, she said. She said that she was tired.

Reported speech Օրենք

Անգլերենում անուղղակի խոսքը չակերտներով չի առանձնացվում, ի տարբերություն ուղիղ խոսքի․
George said, “I am ready to dance with you.”
George said (that) he was ready to dance with me.

Reported speech Ժամանակների փոփոխություն

Ուղղակի խոսք
(Direct speech) 		Անուղղակի խոսք
(Reported speech)
Present Simple
I know 		Past Simple he said he knew
Present Continuous I am doing Past Continuous he said he was doing
Present Perfect I have done Past Perfect he said he had done
Past Simple I did Past Perfect he said he had done
Past Continuous I was doing Past Perfect Continuous he said he had been doing
Past Perfect I had done Past Perfect I had done
Future (will) I will go would he said he would go

❗ Երբ ժամանակները չեն փոխվում

  • Ընդհանուր ճշմարտություններ, փաստեր, բնության օրենքներ։
    Եթե ինչ-որ բան միշտ ճշմարիտ է, ժամանակները չեն փոխվում․
    The Earth moves around the Sun. He said that the Earth moves around the Sun.
  • Երբ գործողությունն արդիական է խոսելու պահին։
    Եթե պնդումը դեռ ճիշտ է հիմա։
    I live in Paris. She said she lives in Paris. (քանի որ նա դեռ այնտեղ է ապրում)
  • Եթե ենթակա նախադասությունը Past Continuous է, բանավոր խոսքում բայերի ժամանակը կարող է չփոխվել։
    He said, “I was playing football when she called me.”.
    Նա ասաց. «Ես ֆուտբոլ էի խաղում, երբ նա զանգահարեց ինձ»։ He said that he was playing football when she called him.
    Նա ասաց, որ նա ֆուտբոլ էր խաղում, երբ նա զանգեց իրեն։
  • Եթե հաղորդող բայը ներկայում է
    says, tells, has said դեպքում ժամանակի փոփոխություն չկա։
    I’m busy. She says she is busy

Reported speech Մոդալ բայեր

  • Մոդալ բայերը, որոնք փոխվում են․
    Ուղղակի խոսք
    (Direct speech)     		Անուղղակի խոսք
    (Reported speech)
    will would
    can could
    may might
    shall should
    must
    (պարտականություն)     		had to
    must
    (արտահայտում է հրաման
    կամ պայմանավորվածություն)     		was to
    He said, “I will help you.” He said (that) he would help me.
    She said, “I can finish it today.” She said (that) she could finish it that day.
    John said, “I may go to the party.” John said (that) he might go to the party.
    I asked, “Shall we begin?” I asked if we should begin.
    My mother said, “You must do your homework.” My mother said (that) I had to do my homework.
    The officer said, “You must be there by 6.” The officer said (that) I was to be there by 6.
  • Մոդալ բայեր, որոնք ՉԵՆ փոխվում
    (չունեն անցյալ ձև):
    could, should, would, might, ought to
    “I could help you,” he said. He said he could help me.
    “You should study more,” the teacher said. The teacher said I should study more.
    “I would love to join you,” she said. She said she would love to join us.
    “It might rain later,” John said. John said it might rain later.
    “You ought to be more careful,” she said. She said I ought to be more careful.

Reported speech Ուղղականներ

Ուղղականները փոխվում են կախված նրանից, թե ով է խոսում և ում է ուղղված խոսքը։

“I like your car,” he said. He said he liked my car.

Reported speech Ժամանակը և վայրը

the previous weektd>two days earlier
Ուղղակի խոսք
(Direct speech) 		Անուղղակի խոսք
(Reported speech)
todaythat day
yesterdaythe day before
tomorrowthe next day
nowthen
last week
tonightthat night
two days ago
herethere
thisthat
thesethose
“We have a meeting today,” he said. He said they had a meeting that day.
I bought these shoes yesterday. She said she had bought those shoes the day before.
I will come tomorrow. He said he would come the next day.
I can’t talk now. He said he couldn’t talk then.
I finished the course last week. She said she had finished the course the previous week.
I’m going out tonight. He said he was going out that night.
I moved here two days ago. She said she had moved there two days earlier.
Come here. She told him to come there.
This place is beautiful. He said that place was beautiful.
I bought these shoes. He said he had bought those shoes.

Reported speech Բայեր

  • Բայեր, որոնց հետո գալիս է that-clause :
    say, tell, add, explain, mention, reply, answer, admit, agree, deny, promise…
    I’m tired. She said that she was tired.
  • Բայեր, որոնց հետո գալիս է to-infinitive:
    advise, ask, tell, order, persuade, remind, warn, invite, encourage…
    Don’t be late. He told me to not be late.

Reported speech Ժխտում

  • Ավելացրեք / պահպանեք not հիմնական բայից առաջ
    I don’t like it. She said she didn’t like it.
  • Եթե մոդալ բայը ունի ժխտում not-ով, փոխում ենք մոդալ բայը և ավելացնում not։
    I can’t help you. He said he couldn’t help me.
  • Եթե not-ը վերաբերում է իմաստին և ոչ թե քերականությանը, այն 그대로 պահում ենք։
    Don’t worry. He told me not to worry.

Reported speech Հարցեր

  • Անուղղակի խոսքում ընդհանուր (այո/ոչ) հարցերը միացվում են if կամ whether շաղկապներով։ Հարցականի բառերի շարքը փոխվում է և դառնում է որպես պատմողականի։
    • If օգտագործվում է սովորական Yes/No հարցերում, երբ պարզապես պետք է պարզել՝ «այո, թե ոչ»։
      Do you like it? He asked if I liked it.
    • Հարցում առկա է ընտրություն կամ այլընտրանք হলে օգտագործվում է whether։
      Do you want tea or coffee? He asked whether I wanted tea or coffee.
  • Հարցեր հարցական բառով (wh-questions)

    Reporting verb + wh-word + ուղիղ բառերի կարգ (առանց շրջակցության)

    “Where do you live?” she asked. She asked where I lived.
    “What is he doing?” I asked. I asked what he was doing.
    “Why did you leave early?” he asked. He asked why I had left early.
    “How can we solve this?” they asked. They asked how they could solve it.
    “When will you call me?” she asked. She asked when I would call her.
  • Ընդհանուր հարցեր (Yes/No questions) Սկսվում են Do / Does / Did / Are / Is / Can / Will և այլն։

    Reporting verb + if/whether + ուղիղ բառերի կարգ

    “Do you like coffee?” she asked. She asked if I liked coffee.
    “Are they coming to the party?” he asked. He asked if they were coming to the party.
    “Did you see the movie?” I asked. I asked if she had seen the movie.
    “Will it rain tomorrow?” Tom asked. Tom asked if it would rain the next day.
    “Can you help me?” she asked. She asked if I could help her.
    “Is this your book?” he asked. He asked whether that was my book.

Reported speech Հրամայական եղանակ

Հաստատական նախադասություն: reporting verb + object + to + verb

Open the door. He told me to open the door.

Արգելք: reporting verb + object + not to + verb

Don’t be late. She told me not to be late.

Reported speech Տիպիկ սխալներ

  • Պահպանել ինվերսիան հարցերում
    ❌ He asked where was I going
    ✔️ He asked where I was going
  • Օգտագործել «said me»
    ❌ He said me that…
    ✔️ He told me that…
    ✔️ He said that…
    say — без объекта, tell — с объектом
  • Չփոխել ձևը (ժամանակաձևը)
    ❌ He said he is happy.
    ✔️ He said he was happy. Если reporting verb в прошедшем — делаем сдвиг времени.
  • Չփոխել դերանունները
    ❌ She said I am tired.
    ✔️ She said she was tired. Местоимения всегда подстраиваются под новый контекст.

Reported speech Նախադասություններ

“I am learning French,” she said. She said she was learning French.
“He has finished his project,” they said. They said he had finished his project.
“I shall return soon,” he said. He said he should return soon.
“You must call her today,” Mom said. Mom said I had to call her that day.
“What time does the train leave?” I asked. I asked what time the train left.
“Why are you crying?” he asked. He asked why I was crying.
“Can she swim?” I asked. I asked if she could swim.
“Is your brother at home?” she asked. She asked whether my brother was at home.
Leave your shoes outside. He told me to leave my shoes outside.
Don’t touch that button. She told me not to touch that button.

Reported speech Օրինակներ

“I was reading a book,” she said. She said she had been reading a book.
“We have seen this movie,” they said. They said they had seen that movie.
“He will help us tomorrow,” I said. I said he would help us the next day.
“When did she arrive?” he asked. He asked when she had arrived.
“Where are my keys?” she asked. She asked where her keys were.
“Does he like pizza?” I asked. I asked if he liked pizza.
“Will they join us?” she asked. She asked if they would join us.
“You ought to apologize,” he said. He said I ought to apologize.
Be quiet, please. She told me to be quiet.
Don’t forget your umbrella. He reminded me not to forget my umbrella.

Հավելվածում հասանելի անգլերեն քերականության վարժություններ

Conditionals

Second Conditional First Conditional Third Conditional Zero Conditional

Sentences

Relative Clauses Conjunctions Reported Speech