Reported speech نستخدم
نستخدمه لإعادة سرد كلمات شخص آخر مع تغيير صيغتها بحيث تصبح جزءًا من نصك، وليس اقتباسًا مباشرًا.
نحول الكلام المباشر إلى كلام غير مباشر.
Reported speech شكل
Subject + reporting V, that subject + V (مع تغيير الزمن عند الحاجة)
“I am tired”, she said.
She said that she was tired.
Reported speech قاعدة
في الإنجليزية، لا تُكتب الكلام غير المباشر بين علامات الاقتباس، بخلاف الكلام المباشر:George said, “I am ready to dance with you.”
George said (that) he was ready to dance with me.
Reported speech تغييرات الأزمنة
|
الكلام المباشر
(Direct speech) |
الكلام غير المباشر
(Reported speech) |
|
Present Simple
I know |
Past Simple he said he knew |
| Present Continuous I am doing | Past Continuous he said he was doing |
| Present Perfect I have done | Past Perfect he said he had done |
| Past Simple I did | Past Perfect he said he had done |
| Past Continuous I was doing | Past Perfect Continuous he said he had been doing |
| Past Perfect I had done | Past Perfect I had done |
| Future (will) I will go | would he said he would go |
❗ عندما لا يتغير الزمن
-
حقائق عامة، وقائع، قوانين الطبيعة.
إذا كان الشيء صحيحًا دائمًا، فإن الزمن لا يتغير:The Earth moves around the Sun. He said that the Earth moves around the Sun. -
عندما يكون الفعل ما زال مناسبًا في لحظة الكلام.
إذا كان التصريح لا يزال صحيحًا الآن.I live in Paris. She said she lives in Paris. (لأنها لا تزال تعيش هناك) -
إذا كانت الجملة التابعة في الماضي المستمر، فقد لا يتغير زمن الفعل في اللغة المحكية.
He said, “I was playing football when she called me.”.
قال: «كنت ألعب كرة القدم عندما اتصلت بي». He said that he was playing football when she called him.
قال إنه كان يلعب كرة القدم عندما اتصلت به. -
إذا كان فعل التقرير في الزمن الحاضر
مع says و tells و has said لا يحدث تغيير في الزمن.I’m busy. She says she is busy
Reported speech الأفعال الناقصة (المودالية)
-
الأفعال الناقصة التي تتغير:
الكلام المباشر
(Direct speech)الكلام غير المباشر
(Reported speech)will would can could may might shall should must
(واجب)had to must
(يعبّر عن أمر
أو اتفاق)was to He said, “I will help you.” He said (that) he would help me.She said, “I can finish it today.” She said (that) she could finish it that day.John said, “I may go to the party.” John said (that) he might go to the party.I asked, “Shall we begin?” I asked if we should begin.My mother said, “You must do your homework.” My mother said (that) I had to do my homework.The officer said, “You must be there by 6.” The officer said (that) I was to be there by 6. -
الأفعال الناقصة التي لا تتغير
(ليست لها صيغة ماضية):
could, should, would, might, ought to“I could help you,” he said. He said he could help me.“You should study more,” the teacher said. The teacher said I should study more.“I would love to join you,” she said. She said she would love to join us.“It might rain later,” John said. John said it might rain later.“You ought to be more careful,” she said. She said I ought to be more careful.
Reported speech الضمائر
تتغير الضمائر حسب المتحدث وإلى من تُوجَّه الكلمات.
“I like your car,” he said.
He said he liked my car.
Reported speech الزمان والمكان
|
الكلام المباشر
(Direct speech) |
الكلام غير المباشر
(Reported speech) |
| today | that day |
| yesterday | the day before |
| tomorrow | the next day |
| now | then |
| last week | |
| tonight | that night |
| two days ago | td>two days earlier|
| here | there |
| this | that |
| these | those |
“We have a meeting today,” he said.
He said they had a meeting that day.
I bought these shoes yesterday.
She said she had bought those shoes the day before.
I will come tomorrow.
He said he would come the next day.
I can’t talk now.
He said he couldn’t talk then.
I finished the course last week.
She said she had finished the course the previous week.
I’m going out tonight.
He said he was going out that night.
I moved here two days ago.
She said she had moved there two days earlier.
Come here.
She told him to come there.
This place is beautiful.
He said that place was beautiful.
I bought these shoes.
He said he had bought those shoes.
Reported speech الأفعال
-
أفعال يليها that-clause
:
say, tell, add, explain, mention, reply, answer, admit, agree, deny, promise…I’m tired. She said that she was tired. -
أفعال يليها to-infinitive:
advise, ask, tell, order, persuade, remind, warn, invite, encourage…Don’t be late. He told me to not be late.
Reported speech نفي
-
أضِف / احتفِظ بـnot قبل الفعل الرئيسي
I don’t like it. She said she didn’t like it.
-
إذا كان الفعل الناقص يحتوي على نفي باستخدام not، نغيّر الفعل الناقص ونضيف not.
I can’t help you. He said he couldn’t help me.
-
إذا كان not يشير إلى المعنى وليس إلى القواعد، فنحن نُبقِيه كما هو.
Don’t worry. He told me not to worry.
Reported speech أسئلة
-
في الكلام المنقول، تُقدَّم الأسئلة العامة (نعم/لا) باستخدام
if أو whether.
ويتحوّل ترتيب الكلمات من صيغة السؤال إلى صيغة الجملة الخبرية.
-
يُستخدم if في أسئلة Yes/No العادية عندما يكون المطلوب مجرد معرفة «نعم أم لا».
Do you like it? He asked if I liked it.
-
يُستخدم whether عندما يتضمن السؤال خيارًا أو بديلًا.
Do you want tea or coffee? He asked whether I wanted tea or coffee.
-
يُستخدم if في أسئلة Yes/No العادية عندما يكون المطلوب مجرد معرفة «نعم أم لا».
-
أسئلة تحتوي على أداة استفهام (wh-questions)
Reporting verb + wh-word + ترتيب كلمات مباشر (بدون قلب)
“Where do you live?” she asked. She asked where I lived.“What is he doing?” I asked. I asked what he was doing.“Why did you leave early?” he asked. He asked why I had left early.“How can we solve this?” they asked. They asked how they could solve it.“When will you call me?” she asked. She asked when I would call her. -
أسئلة عامة (Yes/No questions)
تبدأ بـ Do / Does / Did / Are / Is / Can / Will وغيرها.
Reporting verb + if/whether + ترتيب مباشر للكلمات
“Do you like coffee?” she asked. She asked if I liked coffee.“Are they coming to the party?” he asked. He asked if they were coming to the party.“Did you see the movie?” I asked. I asked if she had seen the movie.“Will it rain tomorrow?” Tom asked. Tom asked if it would rain the next day.“Can you help me?” she asked. She asked if I could help her.“Is this your book?” he asked. He asked whether that was my book.
Reported speech صيغة الأمر
جملة مثبتة: reporting verb + object + to + verb
Open the door.
He told me to open the door.
حظر: reporting verb + object + not to + verb
Don’t be late.
She told me not to be late.
Reported speech أخطاء شائعة
-
الإبقاء على القلب في الأسئلة
❌ He asked where was I going
✔️ He asked where I was going -
استخدام “said me”
❌ He said me that…
✔️ He told me that…
✔️ He said that…
say — без объекта, tell — с объектом -
عدم تغيير الزمن
❌ He said he is happy.
✔️ He said he was happy. Если reporting verb в прошедшем — делаем сдвиг времени. -
عدم تغيير الضمائر
❌ She said I am tired.
✔️ She said she was tired. Местоимения всегда подстраиваются под новый контекст.
Reported speech جمل
“I am learning French,” she said.
She said she was learning French.
“He has finished his project,” they said.
They said he had finished his project.
“I shall return soon,” he said.
He said he should return soon.
“You must call her today,” Mom said.
Mom said I had to call her that day.
“What time does the train leave?” I asked.
I asked what time the train left.
“Why are you crying?” he asked.
He asked why I was crying.
“Can she swim?” I asked.
I asked if she could swim.
“Is your brother at home?” she asked.
She asked whether my brother was at home.
Leave your shoes outside.
He told me to leave my shoes outside.
Don’t touch that button.
She told me not to touch that button.
Reported speech أمثلة
“I was reading a book,” she said.
She said she had been reading a book.
“We have seen this movie,” they said.
They said they had seen that movie.
“He will help us tomorrow,” I said.
I said he would help us the next day.
“When did she arrive?” he asked.
He asked when she had arrived.
“Where are my keys?” she asked.
She asked where her keys were.
“Does he like pizza?” I asked.
I asked if he liked pizza.
“Will they join us?” she asked.
She asked if they would join us.
“You ought to apologize,” he said.
He said I ought to apologize.
Be quiet, please.
She told me to be quiet.
Don’t forget your umbrella.
He reminded me not to forget my umbrella.
