Reported Speech κανόνας, παραδείγματα, ασκήσεις και τεστ

Reported speech χρησιμοποιούμε

Το χρησιμοποιούμε για να αποδώσουμε τα λόγια κάποιου άλλου, αλλάζοντας τη μορφή τους ώστε να ενσωματωθούν στο κείμενό σας και όχι ως άμεση παράθεση.
Μετατρέπουμε τον ευθύ λόγο σε πλάγιο λόγο.

Reported speech Μορφή

Subject + reporting V, that subject + V (με αλλαγή του χρόνου, αν χρειάζεται)

“I am tired”, she said. She said that she was tired.

Reported speech Κανόνας

Στα αγγλικά, ο πλάγιος λόγος δεν μπαίνει σε εισαγωγικά, σε αντίθεση με τον ευθύ λόγο:

George said, “I am ready to dance with you.”

George said (that) he was ready to dance with me.

Reported speech Αλλαγές των χρόνων

Ευθύς λόγος (Direct speech)	Πλάγιος λόγος (Reported speech)
Present Simple I know	Past Simple he said he knew
Present Continuous I am doing	Past Continuous he said he was doing
Present Perfect I have done	Past Perfect he said he had done
Past Simple I did	Past Perfect he said he had done
Past Continuous I was doing	Past Perfect Continuous he said he had been doing
Past Perfect I had done	Past Perfect I had done
Future (will) I will go	would he said he would go

❗ Όταν ο χρόνος δεν αλλάζει

Γενικές αλήθειες, γεγονότα, νόμοι της φύσης.
Αν κάτι είναι πάντα αληθινό, ο χρόνος δεν αλλάζει:
The Earth moves around the Sun. He said that the Earth moves around the Sun.
Όταν η ενέργεια παραμένει σχετική τη στιγμή της ομιλίας.
Αν η δήλωση εξακολουθεί να είναι αληθινή τώρα.
I live in Paris. She said she lives in Paris. (επειδή εξακολουθεί να ζει εκεί)
Αν η δευτερεύουσα πρόταση είναι σε Past Continuous, στον προφορικό λόγο ο χρόνος του ρήματος μπορεί να μην αλλάξει.
He said, “I was playing football when she called me.”.
Είπε: «Έπαιζα ποδόσφαιρο όταν με πήρε τηλέφωνο». He said that he was playing football when she called him.
Είπε ότι έπαιζε ποδόσφαιρο όταν τον κάλεσε.
Αν το ρήμα αναφοράς είναι σε ενεστώτα
Με says, tells, has said δεν υπάρχει αλλαγή χρόνου.
I’m busy. She says she is busy

Reported speech Τροπικά ρήματα

Τροπικά ρήματα που αλλάζουν:

Ευθύς λόγος (Direct speech)	Πλάγιος λόγος (Reported speech)
will	would
can	could
may	might
shall	should
must (υποχρέωση)	had to
must (εκφράζει διαταγή ή συμφωνία)	was to

He said, “I will help you.” He said (that) he would help me.

She said, “I can finish it today.” She said (that) she could finish it that day.

John said, “I may go to the party.” John said (that) he might go to the party.

I asked, “Shall we begin?” I asked if we should begin.

My mother said, “You must do your homework.” My mother said (that) I had to do my homework.

The officer said, “You must be there by 6.” The officer said (that) I was to be there by 6.

Τροπικά ρήματα που ΔΕΝ αλλάζουν
(δεν έχουν παρελθοντική μορφή):
could, should, would, might, ought to
“I could help you,” he said. He said he could help me.

“You should study more,” the teacher said. The teacher said I should study more.

“I would love to join you,” she said. She said she would love to join us.

“It might rain later,” John said. John said it might rain later.

“You ought to be more careful,” she said. She said I ought to be more careful.

Reported speech Αντωνυμίες

Οι αντωνυμίες αλλάζουν ανάλογα με το ποιος μιλάει και σε ποιον απευθύνονται τα λόγια.

“I like your car,” he said. He said he liked my car.

Reported speech Χρόνος και τόπος

the previous weektd>two days earlier

Ευθύς λόγος (Direct speech)	Πλάγιος λόγος (Reported speech)
today	that day
yesterday	the day before
tomorrow	the next day
now	then
last week
tonight	that night
two days ago
here	there
this	that
these	those

“We have a meeting today,” he said. He said they had a meeting that day.

I bought these shoes yesterday. She said she had bought those shoes the day before.

I will come tomorrow. He said he would come the next day.

I can’t talk now. He said he couldn’t talk then.

I finished the course last week. She said she had finished the course the previous week.

I’m going out tonight. He said he was going out that night.

I moved here two days ago. She said she had moved there two days earlier.

Come here. She told him to come there.

This place is beautiful. He said that place was beautiful.

I bought these shoes. He said he had bought those shoes.

Reported speech Ρήματα

Ρήματα που ακολουθούνται από that-clause :
say, tell, add, explain, mention, reply, answer, admit, agree, deny, promise…
I’m tired. She said that she was tired.
Ρήματα που ακολουθούνται από to-infinitive:
advise, ask, tell, order, persuade, remind, warn, invite, encourage…
Don’t be late. He told me to not be late.

Reported speech Άρνηση

Προσθέστε / διατηρήστε το not πριν από το κύριο ρήμα
I don’t like it. She said she didn’t like it.
Αν το τροπικό ρήμα έχει άρνηση με not, αλλάζουμε το τροπικό ρήμα και προσθέτουμε not.
I can’t help you. He said he couldn’t help me.
Αν το not αναφέρεται στο νόημα και όχι στη γραμματική, το διατηρούμε.
Don’t worry. He told me not to worry.

Reported speech Ερωτήσεις

Στον πλάγιο λόγο, οι γενικές ερωτήσεις (ναι/όχι) εισάγονται με if ή whether. Η σειρά των λέξεων αλλάζει στη σειρά μιας καταφατικής πρότασης.
- Το If χρησιμοποιείται στις συνηθισμένες Yes/No ερωτήσεις, όταν απλώς θέλουμε να μάθουμε «ναι ή όχι».
  Do you like it? He asked if I liked it.
- Χρησιμοποιούμε whether όταν η ερώτηση περιλαμβάνει μια εναλλακτική ή επιλογή.
  Do you want tea or coffee? He asked whether I wanted tea or coffee.
Ερωτήσεις με ερωτηματική λέξη (wh-questions)
Reporting verb + wh-word + άμεση σειρά λέξεων (χωρίς αναστροφή)

“Where do you live?” she asked. She asked where I lived.

“What is he doing?” I asked. I asked what he was doing.

“Why did you leave early?” he asked. He asked why I had left early.

“How can we solve this?” they asked. They asked how they could solve it.

“When will you call me?” she asked. She asked when I would call her.
Γενικές ερωτήσεις (Yes/No questions) Ξεκινούν με Do / Does / Did / Are / Is / Can / Will κ.λπ.
Reporting verb + if/whether + άμεση σειρά λέξεων

“Do you like coffee?” she asked. She asked if I liked coffee.

“Are they coming to the party?” he asked. He asked if they were coming to the party.

“Did you see the movie?” I asked. I asked if she had seen the movie.

“Will it rain tomorrow?” Tom asked. Tom asked if it would rain the next day.

“Can you help me?” she asked. She asked if I could help her.

“Is this your book?” he asked. He asked whether that was my book.

Reported speech Προστακτική έγκλιση

Καταφατική πρόταση: reporting verb + object + to + verb

Open the door. He told me to open the door.

Απαγόρευση: reporting verb + object + not to + verb

Don’t be late. She told me not to be late.

Reported speech Συνηθισμένα λάθη

Διατήρηση της αναστροφής στις ερωτήσεις
❌ He asked where was I going
✔️ He asked where I was going
Χρήση του “said me”
❌ He said me that…
✔️ He told me that…
✔️ He said that…
say — без объекта, tell — с объектом
Μην αλλάζετε τον χρόνο του ρήματος
❌ He said he is happy.
✔️ He said he was happy. Если reporting verb в прошедшем — делаем сдвиг времени.
Μην αλλάζετε τις αντωνυμίες
❌ She said I am tired.
✔️ She said she was tired. Местоимения всегда подстраиваются под новый контекст.

Reported speech Προτάσεις

“I am learning French,” she said. She said she was learning French.

“He has finished his project,” they said. They said he had finished his project.

“I shall return soon,” he said. He said he should return soon.

“You must call her today,” Mom said. Mom said I had to call her that day.

“What time does the train leave?” I asked. I asked what time the train left.

“Why are you crying?” he asked. He asked why I was crying.

“Can she swim?” I asked. I asked if she could swim.

“Is your brother at home?” she asked. She asked whether my brother was at home.

Leave your shoes outside. He told me to leave my shoes outside.

Don’t touch that button. She told me not to touch that button.

Reported speech Παραδείγματα

“I was reading a book,” she said. She said she had been reading a book.

“We have seen this movie,” they said. They said they had seen that movie.

“He will help us tomorrow,” I said. I said he would help us the next day.

“When did she arrive?” he asked. He asked when she had arrived.

“Where are my keys?” she asked. She asked where her keys were.

“Does he like pizza?” I asked. I asked if he liked pizza.

“Will they join us?” she asked. She asked if they would join us.

“You ought to apologize,” he said. He said I ought to apologize.

Be quiet, please. She told me to be quiet.

Don’t forget your umbrella. He reminded me not to forget my umbrella.

Reported Speech: προτάσεις, ασκήσεις, τεστ και παραδείγματα