Reported speech usiamo
Lo usiamo per riferire le parole di qualcun altro modificandone la forma, così da integrarle nel testo anziché citarle direttamente.
Convertiamo il discorso diretto in discorso indiretto.
Reported speech Forma
Subject + reporting V, that subject + V (con un cambio di tempo verbale se necessario)
βI am tiredβ, she said.
She said that she was tired.
Reported speech Regola
Nel inglese, il discorso indiretto non si scrive tra virgolette, a differenza del discorso diretto:George said, βI am ready to dance with you.β
George said (that) he was ready to dance with me.
Reported speech Variazioni dei tempi verbali
|
Discorso diretto
(Direct speech) |
Discorso indiretto
(Reported speech) |
|
Present Simple
I know |
Past Simple he said he knew |
| Present Continuous I am doing | Past Continuous he said he was doing |
| Present Perfect I have done | Past Perfect he said he had done |
| Past Simple I did | Past Perfect he said he had done |
| Past Continuous I was doing | Past Perfect Continuous he said he had been doing |
| Past Perfect I had done | Past Perfect I had done |
| Future (will) I will go | would he said he would go |
β Quando il tempo verbale non cambia
-
VeritΓ universali, fatti, leggi della natura.
Se qualcosa Γ¨ sempre vero, il tempo verbale non cambia:The Earth moves around the Sun. He said that the Earth moves around the Sun. -
Quando lβazione Γ¨ pertinente al momento in cui si parla.
Se lβaffermazione Γ¨ ancora vera ora.I live in Paris. She said she lives in Paris. (perchΓ© lei vive ancora lΓ¬) -
Se la subordinata Γ¨ al past continuous, il tempo verbale puΓ² non cambiare nel linguaggio parlato.
He said, βI was playing football when she called me.β.
Disse: Β«Stavo giocando a calcio quando lei mi ha chiamatoΒ». He said that he was playing football when she called him.
Disse che stava giocando a calcio quando lei lo chiamΓ². -
Se il verbo introduttivo Γ¨ al presente
Con says, tells, has said non cβΓ¨ cambiamento di tempo.Iβm busy. She says she is busy
Reported speech Verbi modali
-
I verbi modali che cambiano:
Discorso diretto
(Direct speech)Discorso indiretto
(Reported speech)will would can could may might shall should must
(obbligo)had to must
(esprime un ordine
o un accordo)was to He said, βI will help you.β He said (that) he would help me.She said, βI can finish it today.β She said (that) she could finish it that day.John said, βI may go to the party.β John said (that) he might go to the party.I asked, βShall we begin?β I asked if we should begin.My mother said, βYou must do your homework.β My mother said (that) I had to do my homework.The officer said, βYou must be there by 6.β The officer said (that) I was to be there by 6. -
I verbi modali che NON cambiano
(non hanno una forma di passato):
could, should, would, might, ought toβI could help you,β he said. He said he could help me.βYou should study more,β the teacher said. The teacher said I should study more.βI would love to join you,β she said. She said she would love to join us.βIt might rain later,β John said. John said it might rain later.βYou ought to be more careful,β she said. She said I ought to be more careful.
Reported speech Pronomi
I pronomi cambiano a seconda di chi parla e di chi riceve le parole.
βI like your car,β he said.
He said he liked my car.
Reported speech Tempo e luogo
|
Discorso diretto
(Direct speech) |
Discorso indiretto
(Reported speech) |
| today | that day |
| yesterday | the day before |
| tomorrow | the next day |
| now | then |
| last week | |
| tonight | that night |
| two days ago | td>two days earlier|
| here | there |
| this | that |
| these | those |
βWe have a meeting today,β he said.
He said they had a meeting that day.
I bought these shoes yesterday.
She said she had bought those shoes the day before.
I will come tomorrow.
He said he would come the next day.
I canβt talk now.
He said he couldnβt talk then.
I finished the course last week.
She said she had finished the course the previous week.
Iβm going out tonight.
He said he was going out that night.
I moved here two days ago.
She said she had moved there two days earlier.
Come here.
She told him to come there.
This place is beautiful.
He said that place was beautiful.
I bought these shoes.
He said he had bought those shoes.
Reported speech Verbi
-
Verbi seguiti da una that-clause
:
say, tell, add, explain, mention, reply, answer, admit, agree, deny, promiseβ¦Iβm tired. She said that she was tired. -
Verbi seguiti da un to-infinitive:
advise, ask, tell, order, persuade, remind, warn, invite, encourageβ¦Donβt be late. He told me to not be late.
Reported speech Negazione
-
Aggiungere / mantenere not prima del verbo principale
I donβt like it. She said she didnβt like it.
-
Se il verbo modale ha una negazione con not, modifichiamo il modale e aggiungiamo not.
I canβt help you. He said he couldnβt help me.
-
Se not riguarda il significato e non la grammatica, lo manteniamo cosΓ¬ comβΓ¨.
Donβt worry. He told me not to worry.
Reported speech Domande
-
Nella discorso indiretto, le domande generali (sì/no) si introducono con
if o whether.
Lβordine delle parole della domanda viene trasformato in quello di una frase affermativa.
-
Si usa if nelle normali domande Yes/No, quando si vuole semplicemente sapere «sì o no».
Do you like it? He asked if I liked it.
-
Whether si usa quando la domanda presenta unβalternativa o una scelta.
Do you want tea or coffee? He asked whether I wanted tea or coffee.
-
Si usa if nelle normali domande Yes/No, quando si vuole semplicemente sapere «sì o no».
-
Domande con una parola interrogativa (wh-questions)
Reporting verb + wh-word + ordine diretto delle parole (senza inversione)
βWhere do you live?β she asked. She asked where I lived.βWhat is he doing?β I asked. I asked what he was doing.βWhy did you leave early?β he asked. He asked why I had left early.βHow can we solve this?β they asked. They asked how they could solve it.βWhen will you call me?β she asked. She asked when I would call her. -
Domande generali (Yes/No questions)
Cominciano con Do / Does / Did / Are / Is / Can / Will, ecc.
Reporting verb + if/whether + ordine diretto delle parole
βDo you like coffee?β she asked. She asked if I liked coffee.βAre they coming to the party?β he asked. He asked if they were coming to the party.βDid you see the movie?β I asked. I asked if she had seen the movie.βWill it rain tomorrow?β Tom asked. Tom asked if it would rain the next day.βCan you help me?β she asked. She asked if I could help her.βIs this your book?β he asked. He asked whether that was my book.
Reported speech Imperativo
Frase affermativa: reporting verb + object + to + verb
Open the door.
He told me to open the door.
Divieto: reporting verb + object + not to + verb
Donβt be late.
She told me not to be late.
Reported speech Errori tipici
-
Mantenere lβinversione nelle domande
β He asked where was I going
βοΈ He asked where I was going -
Usare βsaid meβ
β He said me thatβ¦
βοΈ He told me thatβ¦
βοΈ He said thatβ¦
say β Π±Π΅Π· ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°, tell β Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌ -
Non cambiare il tempo verbale
β He said he is happy.
βοΈ He said he was happy. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ reporting verb Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΠΌ β Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Π΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠ³ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ. -
Non cambiare i pronomi
β She said I am tired.
βοΈ She said she was tired. ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³Π΄Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΠ°ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ.
Reported speech Frasi
βI am learning French,β she said.
She said she was learning French.
βHe has finished his project,β they said.
They said he had finished his project.
βI shall return soon,β he said.
He said he should return soon.
βYou must call her today,β Mom said.
Mom said I had to call her that day.
βWhat time does the train leave?β I asked.
I asked what time the train left.
βWhy are you crying?β he asked.
He asked why I was crying.
βCan she swim?β I asked.
I asked if she could swim.
βIs your brother at home?β she asked.
She asked whether my brother was at home.
Leave your shoes outside.
He told me to leave my shoes outside.
Donβt touch that button.
She told me not to touch that button.
Reported speech Esempi
βI was reading a book,β she said.
She said she had been reading a book.
βWe have seen this movie,β they said.
They said they had seen that movie.
βHe will help us tomorrow,β I said.
I said he would help us the next day.
βWhen did she arrive?β he asked.
He asked when she had arrived.
βWhere are my keys?β she asked.
She asked where her keys were.
βDoes he like pizza?β I asked.
I asked if he liked pizza.
βWill they join us?β she asked.
She asked if they would join us.
βYou ought to apologize,β he said.
He said I ought to apologize.
Be quiet, please.
She told me to be quiet.
Donβt forget your umbrella.
He reminded me not to forget my umbrella.
