Reported Speech qanûn, mînak, xebat û test

Reported speech bikarin

Em ji bo vegerandina gotinên kesekî bi guhertina şêwazê bikar tînin da bêne beşek ji nivîsara we û ne wek gotina rasterast.
Axaftina rastî ji axaftina nenas dikin.

Reported speech Form

Subject + reporting V, that subject + V (ger pêwîst be guhertina demê têkirin)

“I am tired”, she said. She said that she was tired.

Reported speech Qayda

Di îngilîzî de, axaftina ne–rastedar di nav qutipên çavkanî de nayê nivîsandin, cuda ji axaftina rast e:

George said, “I am ready to dance with you.”

George said (that) he was ready to dance with me.

Reported speech Guhertinên deman

Axaftina rast (Direct speech)	Axaftina ne-rast (Reported speech)
Present Simple I know	Past Simple he said he knew
Present Continuous I am doing	Past Continuous he said he was doing
Present Perfect I have done	Past Perfect he said he had done
Past Simple I did	Past Perfect he said he had done
Past Continuous I was doing	Past Perfect Continuous he said he had been doing
Past Perfect I had done	Past Perfect I had done
Future (will) I will go	would he said he would go

❗ Dema dema ne guheriyê

Rastiyên giştî, faktaran, qanûnên xwedê.
Heke tişt her dem rast be — dem nayê guherandin:
The Earth moves around the Sun. He said that the Earth moves around the Sun.
Dema kirinê hîn jî girîng be di demê axaftinê de.
Heke gotin hîn jî rast be niha.
I live in Paris. She said she lives in Paris. (çimkî hîn jî li wir dijî)
Heke rêzika lêgiranî di Past Continuous de be, di axaftina rojane de demê fêl dikare neyê guherandin.
He said, “I was playing football when she called me.”.
وتی، "دەستم لە یاریی تەپەڵە بوو کە پەیوەندیم پێوە کرد.". He said that he was playing football when she called him.
وتی لە کاتێکدا یاری فێربوون دەکرد شتی پەیوەندی پێوە کرد.
Heke fêla ragihandinê di nava niha de be
Bi says, tells, has said dema fêl nayê guherandin.
I’m busy. She says she is busy

Reported speech Felanên modalî

Felanên modalî yên diguherin:

Axaftina rast (Direct speech)	Axaftina ne-rast (Reported speech)
will	would
can	could
may	might
shall	should
must (pêdivî)	had to
must (farmanekê an rêznameyekê tê daxuyandin)	was to

He said, “I will help you.” He said (that) he would help me.

She said, “I can finish it today.” She said (that) she could finish it that day.

John said, “I may go to the party.” John said (that) he might go to the party.

I asked, “Shall we begin?” I asked if we should begin.

My mother said, “You must do your homework.” My mother said (that) I had to do my homework.

The officer said, “You must be there by 6.” The officer said (that) I was to be there by 6.

Felanên modalî yên NAGUHÊRIN
(şekila borî tune ye):
could, should, would, might, ought to
“I could help you,” he said. He said he could help me.

“You should study more,” the teacher said. The teacher said I should study more.

“I would love to join you,” she said. She said she would love to join us.

“It might rain later,” John said. John said it might rain later.

“You ought to be more careful,” she said. She said I ought to be more careful.

Reported speech Pênase

Pênase diguherin gorî kî diaxivînin û kî rê gotin tên re.

“I like your car,” he said. He said he liked my car.

Reported speech Dema û cih

the previous weektd>two days earlier

Axaftina rast (Direct speech)	Axaftina ne-rast (Reported speech)
today	that day
yesterday	the day before
tomorrow	the next day
now	then
last week
tonight	that night
two days ago
here	there
this	that
these	those

“We have a meeting today,” he said. He said they had a meeting that day.

I bought these shoes yesterday. She said she had bought those shoes the day before.

I will come tomorrow. He said he would come the next day.

I can’t talk now. He said he couldn’t talk then.

I finished the course last week. She said she had finished the course the previous week.

I’m going out tonight. He said he was going out that night.

I moved here two days ago. She said she had moved there two days earlier.

Come here. She told him to come there.

This place is beautiful. He said that place was beautiful.

I bought these shoes. He said he had bought those shoes.

Reported speech Felan

Piştî wan that-clause tê dema felan :
say, tell, add, explain, mention, reply, answer, admit, agree, deny, promise…
I’m tired. She said that she was tired.
Piştî wan to-infinitive tê dema felan:
advise, ask, tell, order, persuade, remind, warn, invite, encourage…
Don’t be late. He told me to not be late.

Reported speech Neçîrandin

Li ber vê fêla sereke not zêde bikin / biparêzin
I don’t like it. She said she didn’t like it.
Ger ferzê modal bi not nehatibe, em ferza modal diguherînin û not zêde dikin.
I can’t help you. He said he couldn’t help me.
Ger not bi manayê re têkildar be ne bi rêzimanê, em wê bihêlin.
Don’t worry. He told me not to worry.

Reported speech Pirsên

Di gotina ne-rastîn de, pirsên giştî (erê/na) bi if an jî whether têne girêdan. Rêzê peyvan ya pirsê li wisa nayê guherandin wekî rêza peyvan a hevokek ragihandinê.
- If di pirsên asayî yên Yes/No de tê bikaranîn dema tenê mêjû “erê an na” pirsînin.
  Do you like it? He asked if I liked it.
- Dema ku di pirsê de vebijêrk an alternatîf hebe, whether tê bikaranîn.
  Do you want tea or coffee? He asked whether I wanted tea or coffee.
Pirsên bi peyva pirsan (wh-questions)
Reporting verb + wh-word + rêza rast a peyvan (bê inversiyon)

“Where do you live?” she asked. She asked where I lived.

“What is he doing?” I asked. I asked what he was doing.

“Why did you leave early?” he asked. He asked why I had left early.

“How can we solve this?” they asked. They asked how they could solve it.

“When will you call me?” she asked. She asked when I would call her.
Pirsên giştî (Yes/No questions) Dest pê dikin bi Do / Does / Did / Are / Is / Can / Will û hwd.
Reporting verb + if/whether + rêza rast a peyvan

“Do you like coffee?” she asked. She asked if I liked coffee.

“Are they coming to the party?” he asked. He asked if they were coming to the party.

“Did you see the movie?” I asked. I asked if she had seen the movie.

“Will it rain tomorrow?” Tom asked. Tom asked if it would rain the next day.

“Can you help me?” she asked. She asked if I could help her.

“Is this your book?” he asked. He asked whether that was my book.

Reported speech Rewşa fermî

Hevokê erêkirî: reporting verb + object + to + verb

Open the door. He told me to open the door.

Qedexeyê: reporting verb + object + not to + verb

Don’t be late. She told me not to be late.

Reported speech Çewtiyên tipîk

Inversiyon li pirsan bihêle
❌ He asked where was I going
✔️ He asked where I was going
“said me” bikaranîn
❌ He said me that…
✔️ He told me that…
✔️ He said that…
say — без объекта, tell — с объектом
Demê veguhertin neke
❌ He said he is happy.
✔️ He said he was happy. Если reporting verb в прошедшем — делаем сдвиг времени.
Pêvanên nisebî negerîn
❌ She said I am tired.
✔️ She said she was tired. Местоимения всегда подстраиваются под новый контекст.

Reported speech Devok

“I am learning French,” she said. She said she was learning French.

“He has finished his project,” they said. They said he had finished his project.

“I shall return soon,” he said. He said he should return soon.

“You must call her today,” Mom said. Mom said I had to call her that day.

“What time does the train leave?” I asked. I asked what time the train left.

“Why are you crying?” he asked. He asked why I was crying.

“Can she swim?” I asked. I asked if she could swim.

“Is your brother at home?” she asked. She asked whether my brother was at home.

Leave your shoes outside. He told me to leave my shoes outside.

Don’t touch that button. She told me not to touch that button.

Reported speech Mînak

“I was reading a book,” she said. She said she had been reading a book.

“We have seen this movie,” they said. They said they had seen that movie.

“He will help us tomorrow,” I said. I said he would help us the next day.

“When did she arrive?” he asked. He asked when she had arrived.

“Where are my keys?” she asked. She asked where her keys were.

“Does he like pizza?” I asked. I asked if he liked pizza.

“Will they join us?” she asked. She asked if they would join us.

“You ought to apologize,” he said. He said I ought to apologize.

Be quiet, please. She told me to be quiet.

Don’t forget your umbrella. He reminded me not to forget my umbrella.

Reported Speech: hevokên cure, xebatên pratîkî, test û mînak