Reported Speech qayda, nümunələr, tapşırıqlar və testlər

Reported speech istifadə edirik

Başqasının sözlərini forması dəyişdirilərək nəql etmək və onları birbaşa sitat yox, mətnin bir hissəsi etmək üçün istifadə olunur.
Birbaşa nitqi dolaylı nitqə çeviririk.

Reported speech Forma

Subject + reporting V, that subject + V (lazım olduqda zamanların dəyişdirilməsi ilə)

“I am tired”, she said. She said that she was tired.

Reported speech Qayda

İngilis dilində dolayı nitq dırnaq içində yazılmır, birbaşa nitqdən fərqli olaraq:

George said, “I am ready to dance with you.”

George said (that) he was ready to dance with me.

Reported speech Zaman dəyişiklikləri

Birbaşa nitq (Direct speech)	Dolayı nitq (Reported speech)
Present Simple I know	Past Simple he said he knew
Present Continuous I am doing	Past Continuous he said he was doing
Present Perfect I have done	Past Perfect he said he had done
Past Simple I did	Past Perfect he said he had done
Past Continuous I was doing	Past Perfect Continuous he said he had been doing
Past Perfect I had done	Past Perfect I had done
Future (will) I will go	would he said he would go

❗ Zaman dəyişməyəndə

Ümumi həqiqətlər, faktlar, təbiət qanunları.
Əgər bir şey həmişə doğrudursa — zaman dəyişmir:
The Earth moves around the Sun. He said that the Earth moves around the Sun.
Əmək hərəkəti danışıq anında hələ də aktual olduqda.
Əgər bəyanat indi də doğrudursa.
I live in Paris. She said she lives in Paris. (çünki o hələ də orada yaşayır)
Əgər tabeli cümlə Past Continuous-dədirsə, danışıqda felin zamanı dəyişməyə bilər.
He said, “I was playing football when she called me.”.
O dedi: “Mən futbol oynayırdım, o mənə zəng edəndə.”. He said that he was playing football when she called him.
O dedi ki, o, o, ona zəng edəndə futbol oynayırdı.
Əgər xəbər verən fel indiki zamandadırsa
says, tells, has said ilə zaman dəyişikliyi olmur.
I’m busy. She says she is busy

Reported speech Modal fellər

Dəyişən modal fellər:

Birbaşa nitq (Direct speech)	Dolayı nitq (Reported speech)
will	would
can	could
may	might
shall	should
must (öhdəlik)	had to
must (əmri və ya razılaşmanı ifadə edir)	was to

He said, “I will help you.” He said (that) he would help me.

She said, “I can finish it today.” She said (that) she could finish it that day.

John said, “I may go to the party.” John said (that) he might go to the party.

I asked, “Shall we begin?” I asked if we should begin.

My mother said, “You must do your homework.” My mother said (that) I had to do my homework.

The officer said, “You must be there by 6.” The officer said (that) I was to be there by 6.

DEYİŞMƏYƏN modal fellər
(keçmiş forması yoxdur):
could, should, would, might, ought to
“I could help you,” he said. He said he could help me.

“You should study more,” the teacher said. The teacher said I should study more.

“I would love to join you,” she said. She said she would love to join us.

“It might rain later,” John said. John said it might rain later.

“You ought to be more careful,” she said. She said I ought to be more careful.

Reported speech Əvəzliklər

Əvəzliklər danışanın kim olmasından və sözlərin kimə ünvanlanmasından asılı olaraq dəyişir.

“I like your car,” he said. He said he liked my car.

Reported speech Zaman və məkan

the previous weektd>two days earlier

Birbaşa nitq (Direct speech)	Dolayı nitq (Reported speech)
today	that day
yesterday	the day before
tomorrow	the next day
now	then
last week
tonight	that night
two days ago
here	there
this	that
these	those

“We have a meeting today,” he said. He said they had a meeting that day.

I bought these shoes yesterday. She said she had bought those shoes the day before.

I will come tomorrow. He said he would come the next day.

I can’t talk now. He said he couldn’t talk then.

I finished the course last week. She said she had finished the course the previous week.

I’m going out tonight. He said he was going out that night.

I moved here two days ago. She said she had moved there two days earlier.

Come here. She told him to come there.

This place is beautiful. He said that place was beautiful.

I bought these shoes. He said he had bought those shoes.

Reported speech Fellər

Ardınca that-clause gələn fellər :
say, tell, add, explain, mention, reply, answer, admit, agree, deny, promise…
I’m tired. She said that she was tired.
Ardınca to-infinitive gələn fellər:
advise, ask, tell, order, persuade, remind, warn, invite, encourage…
Don’t be late. He told me to not be late.

Reported speech İnkar

Əsas felin əvvəlində not əlavə edin / saxlayın
I don’t like it. She said she didn’t like it.
Əgər modal felin not ilə inkarı varsa, modal feli dəyişdirir və not əlavə edirik.
I can’t help you. He said he couldn’t help me.
Əgər not qrammatikaya deyil, məna baxımından işlənirsə, onu olduğu kimi saxlayırıq.
Don’t worry. He told me not to worry.

Reported speech Suallar

Dolayı nitqdə ümumi (bəli/xeyr) suallar if və ya whether bağlayıcıları ilə qoşulur. Sual cümləsinin söz düzümü xəbər cümləsinin söz düzümünə çevrilir.
- If sadəcə “bəli və ya xeyr” cavabını öyrənmək istənilən adi Yes/No suallarında işlədilir.
  Do you like it? He asked if I liked it.
- Sualda seçim və ya alternativ olduqda whether işlədilir.
  Do you want tea or coffee? He asked whether I wanted tea or coffee.
Sual sözləri ilə verilən suallar (wh-questions)
Reporting verb + wh-word + birbaşa söz sırası (inversiya olmadan)

“Where do you live?” she asked. She asked where I lived.

“What is he doing?” I asked. I asked what he was doing.

“Why did you leave early?” he asked. He asked why I had left early.

“How can we solve this?” they asked. They asked how they could solve it.

“When will you call me?” she asked. She asked when I would call her.
Ümumi suallar (Yes/No questions) Do / Does / Did / Are / Is / Can / Will və s. ilə başlanır.
Reporting verb + if/whether + birbaşa söz sırası

“Do you like coffee?” she asked. She asked if I liked coffee.

“Are they coming to the party?” he asked. He asked if they were coming to the party.

“Did you see the movie?” I asked. I asked if she had seen the movie.

“Will it rain tomorrow?” Tom asked. Tom asked if it would rain the next day.

“Can you help me?” she asked. She asked if I could help her.

“Is this your book?” he asked. He asked whether that was my book.

Reported speech Əmr şəkli

Təsdiq cümləsi: reporting verb + object + to + verb

Open the door. He told me to open the door.

Qadağa: reporting verb + object + not to + verb

Don’t be late. She told me not to be late.

Reported speech Tipik səhvlər

Suallarda inversiyanı saxlamaq
❌ He asked where was I going
✔️ He asked where I was going
“said me” işlətmək
❌ He said me that…
✔️ He told me that…
✔️ He said that…
say — без объекта, tell — с объектом
Zaman formasını dəyişməmək
❌ He said he is happy.
✔️ He said he was happy. Если reporting verb в прошедшем — делаем сдвиг времени.
Əvəzlikləri dəyişməmək
❌ She said I am tired.
✔️ She said she was tired. Местоимения всегда подстраиваются под новый контекст.

Reported speech Cümlələr

“I am learning French,” she said. She said she was learning French.

“He has finished his project,” they said. They said he had finished his project.

“I shall return soon,” he said. He said he should return soon.

“You must call her today,” Mom said. Mom said I had to call her that day.

“What time does the train leave?” I asked. I asked what time the train left.

“Why are you crying?” he asked. He asked why I was crying.

“Can she swim?” I asked. I asked if she could swim.

“Is your brother at home?” she asked. She asked whether my brother was at home.

Leave your shoes outside. He told me to leave my shoes outside.

Don’t touch that button. She told me not to touch that button.

Reported speech Nümunələr

“I was reading a book,” she said. She said she had been reading a book.

“We have seen this movie,” they said. They said they had seen that movie.

“He will help us tomorrow,” I said. I said he would help us the next day.

“When did she arrive?” he asked. He asked when she had arrived.

“Where are my keys?” she asked. She asked where her keys were.

“Does he like pizza?” I asked. I asked if he liked pizza.

“Will they join us?” she asked. She asked if they would join us.

“You ought to apologize,” he said. He said I ought to apologize.

Be quiet, please. She told me to be quiet.

Don’t forget your umbrella. He reminded me not to forget my umbrella.

Reported Speech: cümlələr, tapşırıqlar, testlər və nümunələr