Reported speech እንጠቀማለን
የሌላ ሰው ቃል በቅርጹ ማሻሻል በመቀየር በቀጥታ እየተጠቀሰ ሳይሆን የጽሑፍዎ ክፍል ለማድረግ እንጠቀማለን።
ቀጥታ ንግግርን ወደ ተዘጋጅቶ የተቀረበ ንግግር እናስተላልፋለን።
Reported speech ቅርጽ
Subject + reporting V, that subject + V ( при необходимости ጊዜ መቀየር ከተፈለገ)
“I am tired”, she said.
She said that she was tired.
Reported speech ደንብ
በእንግሊዝኛ ቋንቋ ተዘረዘረ ንግግር ከቀጥታ ንግግር የተለየ በእቃት አይታሰርም፡፡George said, “I am ready to dance with you.”
George said (that) he was ready to dance with me.
Reported speech የጊዜ ቅጽ ለውጦች
|
ቀጥታ ንግግር
(Direct speech) |
ተዘረዘረ ንግግር
(Reported speech) |
|
Present Simple
I know |
Past Simple he said he knew |
| Present Continuous I am doing | Past Continuous he said he was doing |
| Present Perfect I have done | Past Perfect he said he had done |
| Past Simple I did | Past Perfect he said he had done |
| Past Continuous I was doing | Past Perfect Continuous he said he had been doing |
| Past Perfect I had done | Past Perfect I had done |
| Future (will) I will go | would he said he would go |
❗ ጊዜው ሲቀየር የማይችል ጊዜ
-
አጠቃላይ እውነታዎች፣ እ Factsን፣ የተፈጥሮ ሕጎች።
ነገር ሁሉ ሁልጊዜ እውነት ከሆነ — ጊዜው አይቀየርም።The Earth moves around the Sun. He said that the Earth moves around the Sun. -
ተግባሩ በመናገር ጊዜ እንደገና ተዛማጅ ሲሆን።
መግለጫው አሁንም እውነት ከሆነ።I live in Paris. She said she lives in Paris. (ምክንያቱም እሷ አሁንም ዛችበት ቦታ ይኖራል) -
ንዑስ ቃላት በPast Continuous ከሆነ፣ በንግግር ቋንቋ የግስ ጊዜ ሊለወጥ አይችልም።
He said, “I was playing football when she called me.”.
እሱ እንዲህ አለ፣ “እሷ ሲደውለኝ እየኳሴ ነበር።”. He said that he was playing football when she called him.
እሱ እያጫወተ ነበር እንደነበር እሱን በደወለችበት ጊዜ እንደተናገረን ነበር። -
የሪፖርት ግስ በዩኤስ ጊዜ ከሆነ
በsays, tells, has said ጊዜ ለውጥ የለም።I’m busy. She says she is busy
Reported speech ሞዳል ግሶች
-
የሚቀየሩ ሞዳል ግሶች፦
ቀጥታ ንግግር
(Direct speech)ተዘረዘረ ንግግር
(Reported speech)will would can could may might shall should must
(ግዴታ)had to must
(ትእዛዝ
ወይም ስምምነት የሚገልጽ)was to He said, “I will help you.” He said (that) he would help me.She said, “I can finish it today.” She said (that) she could finish it that day.John said, “I may go to the party.” John said (that) he might go to the party.I asked, “Shall we begin?” I asked if we should begin.My mother said, “You must do your homework.” My mother said (that) I had to do my homework.The officer said, “You must be there by 6.” The officer said (that) I was to be there by 6. -
ማይቀየሩ ሞዳል ግሶች
(የተለፈቱ ቅጽ የላቸው):
could, should, would, might, ought to“I could help you,” he said. He said he could help me.“You should study more,” the teacher said. The teacher said I should study more.“I would love to join you,” she said. She said she would love to join us.“It might rain later,” John said. John said it might rain later.“You ought to be more careful,” she said. She said I ought to be more careful.
Reported speech መስተዋድድ ቃላት
መስተዋድድ ቃላት በሚናገረው ሰው እና ቃላቱ ለማን እንደሚመለሱ ይቀየራሉ።
“I like your car,” he said.
He said he liked my car.
Reported speech ጊዜ እና ቦታ
|
ቀጥታ ንግግር
(Direct speech) |
ተዘረዘረ ንግግር
(Reported speech) |
| today | that day |
| yesterday | the day before |
| tomorrow | the next day |
| now | then |
| last week | |
| tonight | that night |
| two days ago | td>two days earlier|
| here | there |
| this | that |
| these | those |
“We have a meeting today,” he said.
He said they had a meeting that day.
I bought these shoes yesterday.
She said she had bought those shoes the day before.
I will come tomorrow.
He said he would come the next day.
I can’t talk now.
He said he couldn’t talk then.
I finished the course last week.
She said she had finished the course the previous week.
I’m going out tonight.
He said he was going out that night.
I moved here two days ago.
She said she had moved there two days earlier.
Come here.
She told him to come there.
This place is beautiful.
He said that place was beautiful.
I bought these shoes.
He said he had bought those shoes.
Reported speech ግሶች
-
ከዚህ በኋላ that-clause የሚመጡ ግሶች
:
say, tell, add, explain, mention, reply, answer, admit, agree, deny, promise…I’m tired. She said that she was tired. -
ከእነሱ በኋላ to-infinitive የሚመጣ ግሶች:
advise, ask, tell, order, persuade, remind, warn, invite, encourage…Don’t be late. He told me to not be late.
Reported speech እክል
-
ዋናው ግስ ከመጣ በፊት not ያክሉ / ይቆዩ
I don’t like it. She said she didn’t like it.
-
የሞዳል ግስ በnot ተከልሎ ከተቃወም ሁኔታ ካለ፣ ሞዳሉን ቀይረን ተጨማሪ not እንጨምራለን።
I can’t help you. He said he couldn’t help me.
-
ካለፈው የሰዋሰው ሥርዓት በተለይ ሳይሆን ትርጉሙን ከሚያመለክት ከሆነ notን እንቆያለን።
Don’t worry. He told me not to worry.
Reported speech ጥያቄዎች
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በተዘዋዋሪ ንግግር ውስጥ አጠቃላይ ጥያቄዎች (አዎ/አይ) በ
if ወይም whether ይገባሉ።
የጥያቄው ቃላት ቅደም ተከተል ወደ የመቀመጫ ሐረግ ቅደም ተከተል ይቀየራል።
-
በቀላሉ “አዎ ወይም አይ” ማወቅ ሲፈለግ፣ በመደበኛ Yes/No ጥያቄዎች if ይጠቀማል።
Do you like it? He asked if I liked it.
-
በጥያቄ ውስጥ አማራጭ ወይም ምርጫ ካለ whether ይጠቀማል።
Do you want tea or coffee? He asked whether I wanted tea or coffee.
-
በቀላሉ “አዎ ወይም አይ” ማወቅ ሲፈለግ፣ በመደበኛ Yes/No ጥያቄዎች if ይጠቀማል።
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በጥያቄ ቃል የሚጀምሩ ጥያቄዎች (wh-questions)
Reporting verb + wh-word + ቀጥታ የቃላት ቅደም ተከተል (ያለ መገለባት)
“Where do you live?” she asked. She asked where I lived.“What is he doing?” I asked. I asked what he was doing.“Why did you leave early?” he asked. He asked why I had left early.“How can we solve this?” they asked. They asked how they could solve it.“When will you call me?” she asked. She asked when I would call her. -
አጠቃላይ ጥያቄዎች (Yes/No questions)
በ Do / Does / Did / Are / Is / Can / Will ወዘተ ይጀምራሉ።
Reporting verb + if/whether + ቀጥታ የቃላት ቅደም ተከተል
“Do you like coffee?” she asked. She asked if I liked coffee.“Are they coming to the party?” he asked. He asked if they were coming to the party.“Did you see the movie?” I asked. I asked if she had seen the movie.“Will it rain tomorrow?” Tom asked. Tom asked if it would rain the next day.“Can you help me?” she asked. She asked if I could help her.“Is this your book?” he asked. He asked whether that was my book.
Reported speech ትእዛዝ አይነት
ተረጋጋ ሐረግ: reporting verb + object + to + verb
Open the door.
He told me to open the door.
ክልክል: reporting verb + object + not to + verb
Don’t be late.
She told me not to be late.
Reported speech ተለመዱ ስህተቶች
-
በጥያቄዎች ውስጥ መገለባት መቆየት
❌ He asked where was I going
✔️ He asked where I was going -
«said me» መጠቀም
❌ He said me that…
✔️ He told me that…
✔️ He said that…
say — без объекта, tell — с объектом -
ጊዜውን አትቀይሩ
❌ He said he is happy.
✔️ He said he was happy. Если reporting verb в прошедшем — делаем сдвиг времени. -
አባል ቃላቶችን አትቀይሩ
❌ She said I am tired.
✔️ She said she was tired. Местоимения всегда подстраиваются под новый контекст.
Reported speech እንደገናዎች
“I am learning French,” she said.
She said she was learning French.
“He has finished his project,” they said.
They said he had finished his project.
“I shall return soon,” he said.
He said he should return soon.
“You must call her today,” Mom said.
Mom said I had to call her that day.
“What time does the train leave?” I asked.
I asked what time the train left.
“Why are you crying?” he asked.
He asked why I was crying.
“Can she swim?” I asked.
I asked if she could swim.
“Is your brother at home?” she asked.
She asked whether my brother was at home.
Leave your shoes outside.
He told me to leave my shoes outside.
Don’t touch that button.
She told me not to touch that button.
Reported speech ምሳሌዎች
“I was reading a book,” she said.
She said she had been reading a book.
“We have seen this movie,” they said.
They said they had seen that movie.
“He will help us tomorrow,” I said.
I said he would help us the next day.
“When did she arrive?” he asked.
He asked when she had arrived.
“Where are my keys?” she asked.
She asked where her keys were.
“Does he like pizza?” I asked.
I asked if he liked pizza.
“Will they join us?” she asked.
She asked if they would join us.
“You ought to apologize,” he said.
He said I ought to apologize.
Be quiet, please.
She told me to be quiet.
Don’t forget your umbrella.
He reminded me not to forget my umbrella.
