Reported speech kullanıyoruz
Başkasının sözlerini doğrudan alıntı olmadan, biçimini değiştirerek metninize dahil etmek için kullanılır.
Doğrudan konuşmayı dolaylı konuşmaya çeviririz.
Reported speech Form
Subject + reporting V, that subject + V (gerektiğinde zaman değişikliğiyle)
“I am tired”, she said.
She said that she was tired.
Reported speech Kural
İngilizcede dolaylı anlatım tırnak içine alınmaz; doğrudan anlatımdan farklıdır:George said, “I am ready to dance with you.”
George said (that) he was ready to dance with me.
Reported speech Zaman değişiklikleri
|
Doğrudan anlatım
(Direct speech) |
Dolaylı anlatım
(Reported speech) |
|
Present Simple
I know |
Past Simple he said he knew |
| Present Continuous I am doing | Past Continuous he said he was doing |
| Present Perfect I have done | Past Perfect he said he had done |
| Past Simple I did | Past Perfect he said he had done |
| Past Continuous I was doing | Past Perfect Continuous he said he had been doing |
| Past Perfect I had done | Past Perfect I had done |
| Future (will) I will go | would he said he would go |
❗ Zaman değişmediğinde
-
Genel doğrular, gerçekler, doğa yasaları.
Bir şey her zaman doğruysa — zaman değişmez:The Earth moves around the Sun. He said that the Earth moves around the Sun. -
Eylem konuşma anında hâlâ geçerliyse.
Eğer ifade şimdi de doğruysa.I live in Paris. She said she lives in Paris. (çünkü o hâlâ orada yaşıyor) -
Bağlı cümle Past Continuous ise, konuşma dilinde fiil zamanı değişmeyebilir.
He said, “I was playing football when she called me.”.
O, "Beni aradığında futbol oynuyordum." dedi. He said that he was playing football when she called him.
Onun aradığı sırada futbol oynadığını söyledi. -
Eğer bildiren fiil geniş zamanda ise
says, tells, has said ile zaman değişimi olmaz.I’m busy. She says she is busy
Reported speech Modal fiiller
-
Değişen modal fiiller:
Doğrudan anlatım
(Direct speech)Dolaylı anlatım
(Reported speech)will would can could may might shall should must
(zorunluluk)had to must
(bir emri
veya bir anlaşmayı ifade eder)was to He said, “I will help you.” He said (that) he would help me.She said, “I can finish it today.” She said (that) she could finish it that day.John said, “I may go to the party.” John said (that) he might go to the party.I asked, “Shall we begin?” I asked if we should begin.My mother said, “You must do your homework.” My mother said (that) I had to do my homework.The officer said, “You must be there by 6.” The officer said (that) I was to be there by 6. -
DeğişMEYEN modal fiiller
(geçmiş zaman formu yoktur):
could, should, would, might, ought to“I could help you,” he said. He said he could help me.“You should study more,” the teacher said. The teacher said I should study more.“I would love to join you,” she said. She said she would love to join us.“It might rain later,” John said. John said it might rain later.“You ought to be more careful,” she said. She said I ought to be more careful.
Reported speech Zamirler
Zamirler, konuşanın kim olduğuna ve sözlerin kime yöneltildiğine göre değişir.
“I like your car,” he said.
He said he liked my car.
Reported speech Zaman ve yer
|
Doğrudan anlatım
(Direct speech) |
Dolaylı anlatım
(Reported speech) |
| today | that day |
| yesterday | the day before |
| tomorrow | the next day |
| now | then |
| last week | |
| tonight | that night |
| two days ago | td>two days earlier|
| here | there |
| this | that |
| these | those |
“We have a meeting today,” he said.
He said they had a meeting that day.
I bought these shoes yesterday.
She said she had bought those shoes the day before.
I will come tomorrow.
He said he would come the next day.
I can’t talk now.
He said he couldn’t talk then.
I finished the course last week.
She said she had finished the course the previous week.
I’m going out tonight.
He said he was going out that night.
I moved here two days ago.
She said she had moved there two days earlier.
Come here.
She told him to come there.
This place is beautiful.
He said that place was beautiful.
I bought these shoes.
He said he had bought those shoes.
Reported speech Fiiller
-
Ardından that-clause gelen fiiller
:
say, tell, add, explain, mention, reply, answer, admit, agree, deny, promise…I’m tired. She said that she was tired. -
Ardından to-infinitive gelen fiiller:
advise, ask, tell, order, persuade, remind, warn, invite, encourage…Don’t be late. He told me to not be late.
Reported speech Olumsuzluk
-
Ana fiilden önce not ekleyin / koruyun
I don’t like it. She said she didn’t like it.
-
Eğer modal fiilin not ile olumsuz hâli varsa, modal fiili değiştirip not ekleriz.
I can’t help you. He said he couldn’t help me.
-
Eğer not dilbilgisine değil, anlama aitse — onu olduğu gibi bırakırız.
Don’t worry. He told me not to worry.
Reported speech Sorular
-
Dolaylı anlatımda genel (evet/hayır) sorular
if veya
whether ile bağlanır.
Soru cümlesinin kelime dizilişi, bildirme cümlesine göre değiştirilir.
-
If, yalnızca “evet ya da hayır” öğrenilmek istenen sıradan Yes/No sorularda kullanılır.
Do you like it? He asked if I liked it.
-
Soruda bir alternatif veya seçenek varsa whether kullanılır.
Do you want tea or coffee? He asked whether I wanted tea or coffee.
-
If, yalnızca “evet ya da hayır” öğrenilmek istenen sıradan Yes/No sorularda kullanılır.
-
Soru sözcüğü içeren sorular (wh-questions)
Reporting verb + wh-word + doğrudan sözdizimi (ters çevirme yok)
“Where do you live?” she asked. She asked where I lived.“What is he doing?” I asked. I asked what he was doing.“Why did you leave early?” he asked. He asked why I had left early.“How can we solve this?” they asked. They asked how they could solve it.“When will you call me?” she asked. She asked when I would call her. -
Genel sorular (Yes/No questions)
Do / Does / Did / Are / Is / Can / Will vb. ile başlar.
Reporting verb + if/whether + doğrudan sözdizimi
“Do you like coffee?” she asked. She asked if I liked coffee.“Are they coming to the party?” he asked. He asked if they were coming to the party.“Did you see the movie?” I asked. I asked if she had seen the movie.“Will it rain tomorrow?” Tom asked. Tom asked if it would rain the next day.“Can you help me?” she asked. She asked if I could help her.“Is this your book?” he asked. He asked whether that was my book.
Reported speech Emir kipi
Olumlu cümle: reporting verb + object + to + verb
Open the door.
He told me to open the door.
Yasak: reporting verb + object + not to + verb
Don’t be late.
She told me not to be late.
Reported speech Yaygın hatalar
-
Sorularda inversiyonu korumak
❌ He asked where was I going
✔️ He asked where I was going -
“said me” kullanmak
❌ He said me that…
✔️ He told me that…
✔️ He said that…
say — без объекта, tell — с объектом -
Zamanı değiştirmeyin
❌ He said he is happy.
✔️ He said he was happy. Если reporting verb в прошедшем — делаем сдвиг времени. -
Zamirleri değiştirmeyin
❌ She said I am tired.
✔️ She said she was tired. Местоимения всегда подстраиваются под новый контекст.
Reported speech Cümleler
“I am learning French,” she said.
She said she was learning French.
“He has finished his project,” they said.
They said he had finished his project.
“I shall return soon,” he said.
He said he should return soon.
“You must call her today,” Mom said.
Mom said I had to call her that day.
“What time does the train leave?” I asked.
I asked what time the train left.
“Why are you crying?” he asked.
He asked why I was crying.
“Can she swim?” I asked.
I asked if she could swim.
“Is your brother at home?” she asked.
She asked whether my brother was at home.
Leave your shoes outside.
He told me to leave my shoes outside.
Don’t touch that button.
She told me not to touch that button.
Reported speech Örnekler
“I was reading a book,” she said.
She said she had been reading a book.
“We have seen this movie,” they said.
They said they had seen that movie.
“He will help us tomorrow,” I said.
I said he would help us the next day.
“When did she arrive?” he asked.
He asked when she had arrived.
“Where are my keys?” she asked.
She asked where her keys were.
“Does he like pizza?” I asked.
I asked if he liked pizza.
“Will they join us?” she asked.
She asked if they would join us.
“You ought to apologize,” he said.
He said I ought to apologize.
Be quiet, please.
She told me to be quiet.
Don’t forget your umbrella.
He reminded me not to forget my umbrella.
