Reported speech använder
Vi använder det för att återge någon annans ord genom att ändra formen så att de blir en del av din text och inte ett direkt citat.
Vi omvandlar direkt tal till indirekt tal.
Reported speech Form
Subject + reporting V, that subject + V (med tidsförskjutning vid behov)
“I am tired”, she said.
She said that she was tired.
Reported speech Regel
I engelskan skrivs indirekt tal inte inom citationstecken, till skillnad från direkt tal:George said, “I am ready to dance with you.”
George said (that) he was ready to dance with me.
Reported speech Förändringar av tempus
|
Direkt tal
(Direct speech) |
Indirekt tal
(Reported speech) |
|
Present Simple
I know |
Past Simple he said he knew |
| Present Continuous I am doing | Past Continuous he said he was doing |
| Present Perfect I have done | Past Perfect he said he had done |
| Past Simple I did | Past Perfect he said he had done |
| Past Continuous I was doing | Past Perfect Continuous he said he had been doing |
| Past Perfect I had done | Past Perfect I had done |
| Future (will) I will go | would he said he would go |
❗ När tempus inte förändras
-
Allmänna sanningar, fakta, naturens lagar.
Om något alltid är sant — tempus förändras inte:The Earth moves around the Sun. He said that the Earth moves around the Sun. -
När handlingen fortfarande är relevant i talögonblicket.
Om påståendet fortfarande är sant nu.I live in Paris. She said she lives in Paris. (eftersom hon fortfarande bor där) -
Om bisatsen står i Past Continuous kan verbets tempus i talspråk ibland förbli oförändrat.
He said, “I was playing football when she called me.”.
Han sa: "Jag spelade fotboll när hon ringde mig.". He said that he was playing football when she called him.
Han sa att han spelade fotboll när hon ringde honom. -
Om rapporteringsverbet står i presens
Vid says, tells, has said sker ingen tempusändring.I’m busy. She says she is busy
Reported speech Modala verb
-
Modala verb som förändras:
Direkt tal
(Direct speech)Indirekt tal
(Reported speech)will would can could may might shall should must
(skyldighet)had to must
(uttrycker en order
eller en överenskommelse)was to He said, “I will help you.” He said (that) he would help me.She said, “I can finish it today.” She said (that) she could finish it that day.John said, “I may go to the party.” John said (that) he might go to the party.I asked, “Shall we begin?” I asked if we should begin.My mother said, “You must do your homework.” My mother said (that) I had to do my homework.The officer said, “You must be there by 6.” The officer said (that) I was to be there by 6. -
Modala verb som INTE förändras
(har ingen dåtidsform):
could, should, would, might, ought to“I could help you,” he said. He said he could help me.“You should study more,” the teacher said. The teacher said I should study more.“I would love to join you,” she said. She said she would love to join us.“It might rain later,” John said. John said it might rain later.“You ought to be more careful,” she said. She said I ought to be more careful.
Reported speech Pronomen
Pronomen ändras beroende på vem som talar och vem orden riktas till.
“I like your car,” he said.
He said he liked my car.
Reported speech Tid och plats
|
Direkt tal
(Direct speech) |
Indirekt tal
(Reported speech) |
| today | that day |
| yesterday | the day before |
| tomorrow | the next day |
| now | then |
| last week | |
| tonight | that night |
| two days ago | td>two days earlier|
| here | there |
| this | that |
| these | those |
“We have a meeting today,” he said.
He said they had a meeting that day.
I bought these shoes yesterday.
She said she had bought those shoes the day before.
I will come tomorrow.
He said he would come the next day.
I can’t talk now.
He said he couldn’t talk then.
I finished the course last week.
She said she had finished the course the previous week.
I’m going out tonight.
He said he was going out that night.
I moved here two days ago.
She said she had moved there two days earlier.
Come here.
She told him to come there.
This place is beautiful.
He said that place was beautiful.
I bought these shoes.
He said he had bought those shoes.
Reported speech Verb
-
Verb som följs av en that-clause
:
say, tell, add, explain, mention, reply, answer, admit, agree, deny, promise…I’m tired. She said that she was tired. -
Verb som följs av ett to-infinitive:
advise, ask, tell, order, persuade, remind, warn, invite, encourage…Don’t be late. He told me to not be late.
Reported speech Negation
-
Lägg till / behåll not före huvudverbet
I don’t like it. She said she didn’t like it.
-
Om det modala verbet har en negation med not, ändrar vi det modala verbet och lägger till not.
I can’t help you. He said he couldn’t help me.
-
Om not syftar på betydelsen och inte grammatiken — låter vi det stå kvar.
Don’t worry. He told me not to worry.
Reported speech Frågor
-
I indirekt tal inleds allmänna ja/nej-frågor med
if eller whether.
Ordföljden ändras till den i en påståendesats.
-
If används i vanliga Yes/No-frågor när man helt enkelt vill veta “ja eller nej”.
Do you like it? He asked if I liked it.
-
Whether används när frågan innehåller ett alternativ eller ett val.
Do you want tea or coffee? He asked whether I wanted tea or coffee.
-
If används i vanliga Yes/No-frågor när man helt enkelt vill veta “ja eller nej”.
-
Frågor med frågeord (wh-questions)
Reporting verb + wh-word + direkt ordföljd (ingen inversion)
“Where do you live?” she asked. She asked where I lived.“What is he doing?” I asked. I asked what he was doing.“Why did you leave early?” he asked. He asked why I had left early.“How can we solve this?” they asked. They asked how they could solve it.“When will you call me?” she asked. She asked when I would call her. -
Allmänna frågor (Yes/No questions)
Börjar med Do / Does / Did / Are / Is / Can / Will osv.
Reporting verb + if/whether + direkt ordföljd
“Do you like coffee?” she asked. She asked if I liked coffee.“Are they coming to the party?” he asked. He asked if they were coming to the party.“Did you see the movie?” I asked. I asked if she had seen the movie.“Will it rain tomorrow?” Tom asked. Tom asked if it would rain the next day.“Can you help me?” she asked. She asked if I could help her.“Is this your book?” he asked. He asked whether that was my book.
Reported speech Imperativ
Affirmativ mening: reporting verb + object + to + verb
Open the door.
He told me to open the door.
Förbud: reporting verb + object + not to + verb
Don’t be late.
She told me not to be late.
Reported speech Vanliga misstag
-
Behålla inversion i frågor
❌ He asked where was I going
✔️ He asked where I was going -
Använda “said me”
❌ He said me that…
✔️ He told me that…
✔️ He said that…
say — без объекта, tell — с объектом -
Ändra inte tempus
❌ He said he is happy.
✔️ He said he was happy. Если reporting verb в прошедшем — делаем сдвиг времени. -
Ändra inte pronomen
❌ She said I am tired.
✔️ She said she was tired. Местоимения всегда подстраиваются под новый контекст.
Reported speech Meningar
“I am learning French,” she said.
She said she was learning French.
“He has finished his project,” they said.
They said he had finished his project.
“I shall return soon,” he said.
He said he should return soon.
“You must call her today,” Mom said.
Mom said I had to call her that day.
“What time does the train leave?” I asked.
I asked what time the train left.
“Why are you crying?” he asked.
He asked why I was crying.
“Can she swim?” I asked.
I asked if she could swim.
“Is your brother at home?” she asked.
She asked whether my brother was at home.
Leave your shoes outside.
He told me to leave my shoes outside.
Don’t touch that button.
She told me not to touch that button.
Reported speech Exempel
“I was reading a book,” she said.
She said she had been reading a book.
“We have seen this movie,” they said.
They said they had seen that movie.
“He will help us tomorrow,” I said.
I said he would help us the next day.
“When did she arrive?” he asked.
He asked when she had arrived.
“Where are my keys?” she asked.
She asked where her keys were.
“Does he like pizza?” I asked.
I asked if he liked pizza.
“Will they join us?” she asked.
She asked if they would join us.
“You ought to apologize,” he said.
He said I ought to apologize.
Be quiet, please.
She told me to be quiet.
Don’t forget your umbrella.
He reminded me not to forget my umbrella.
